REPORTED ( INDIRECT) SPEECH

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Some changes are needed in reported speech:
  1. Verbal tenses
  2. Time Expressions
  3. Pronouns
  4. Word order (questions)
You must also be careful with the use of the introductory verb (say, tell, ask, order, suggest...) and the nexus that introduces the reported speech (that, if/ whether, question word, to )

These changes are organized depending on the type of sentence:
  1. Statements
  2. Questions
  3. Commands and requests
  4. Suggestions
REPORTED SPEECH CHART
INTRODUCTORY VERBS
 NEXUS
REPORTED SPEECH
TRANSFORMATIONS
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
S


say (+to Obj.)
tell + Object



that

-VERBAL TENSES
-PRONOUNS
-TIME EXPRESSIONS


Q
U
E
S
T
I
O
N
S




ask (+ Obj.)


wh- word
( wh- questions)


whether
if
(yes/no questions)


-VERBAL TENSES
-PRONOUNS
-TIME EXPRESSIONS

+Affirmative word order



Commands
Requests
Warnings
Invitation
Advice



tell, order
ask, request
warn
invite, offer
advise



to
(affirmative)

not to
(negative)



-INFINITIVE

-PRONOUNS
-TIME EXPRESSIONS

  Suggestion


suggest


____


- ING FORM

-PRONOUNS
-TIME EXPRESSIONS



A SUMMARY OF VERBAL TENSE CHANGES

DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH

Present Simple
Present Continuous
Past Simple
Present Perfect
Past Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
Future Simple (will)
Future Continuous 
Imperative
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous

 Conditional Simple (would)
Conditional Continuous
To Infinitive


  •  MODAL VERBS: the past modals (could, might, would, should and ought to) do not change .
Can
May
Shall
Have to
Must


Could
Might
Should
Had to
Had to

EXAMPLES OF VERBAL TENSE CHANGESESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO
Present simple: Past simple
He said, ‘I watch TV.’
He said (that )he watched TV.
Present continuous: Past continuous
He said, ‘I am watching TV.’
He said (that) he was watching TV.
Past Continuous: Past Perfect continuous or Past continuous
He said, “I was watching TV”
He said (that) he had been watching TV
Present perfect : Past perfect
He said, ‘I have watched TV.’
He said (that) he had watched TV.
Present perfect continuous: Past perfect continuous
He said ,“I have been watching TV”
He said (that) he had been watching TV
Past simple: Past perfect
He said, ‘I watched TV.’
He said (that) he had watched TV.
*Past perfect: Past perfect
He said, “I had watched TV”
He said (that ) he had watched TV
Will: would
He said, ‘I will watch TV.’
He said (that) he would watch TV.

Imperative: to infinitive
He told me, “Watch this documentary
He told me to watch that documentary
They ordered them “ Don't go out”
They ordered them not to go out

*The Past Perfect  does not change in indirect speech.


  • TIME EXPRESSION CHANGES



    now
    then
    today
    that day
    tonight
    that night
    yesterday
    the day before/the previous day
    the day before yesterday
    two days before
    last week/month/year ...
    the week before/ the previous week/ ...
    a week/month/year ago
    the week/month/year before


    tomorrow
    the following day/the next day
    the day after tomorrow
    in two days' time
    next week/month/year ...
    the following week/the next week/ ...



DEMONSTRATIVES:

 this
these
here



that
those
there

that
those
there



SAY AND TELL

  • say (+ that) + reported speech.
    The policeman said (that) they arrested the burglar.
  • Say + to+ object+ (that) + reported speech
    The policeman said to me that they arrested the burglar
– tell + objet (+ that) + reported speech.
The policeman told me that they had arrested the burglar.

Say cannot be used to report commands, only tell can be used this way.
tell + objet (+ not) + to + infinitive.
‘Be quiet!’ said Mary.
 Mary told us to be quiet.

REPORTING VERBS

VERB + THAT CLAUSERBO FORMA ESTILO I
ECTO say add accept admit declare explain insist promise reply recommend reveal suggest
He declared that he loved her.
He explained (to me) that I had to send a reply before May.
They added that I had better leave inmediately.
He admitted that he didn't know the truth.
He promised that he would be there.
They suggested that we (should) go.

VERB + OBJECT+ TO + INFINITIVE
tell ask advise beg invite order encourage remind warn
He told her to sit down.
They asked me to stay.
He advised me to get a lawyer
They begged us not to punish them.
They invited me to stay at Christmas
They encouraged us to participate
VERB+ TO + INFINITIVE
agree decide offer promise refuse threaten
She agreed to dance with him.
He decided to leave the country
She offered to pay for the tickets.
He promised (me) to stay
They refused to pay

VERBO + ING FORM
apologize (for) suggest
She apologized for being late.
They suggested going to Mike's party.REPORTING VERBS
y te

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