RESUMEN DE INGLÉS PARA BACHILLERATO
1. TIPOS DE PREGUNTAS
1.PREGUNTAS DE COMPRENSIÓN DEL TEXTO:
Utiliza en tus respuestas expresiones como:
-According to the text..., The text says that..., The text mentions..., The text states that...
2. PREGUNTAS HIPOTÉTICAS:
En las que se supone que debes emplear oraciones condicionales.
- Ejemplo: Where would you like to spend your next few years? I would like to...
3. PREGUNTAS QUE SOLICITAN TU OPINIÓN:
- Ejemplo: What do you think of...? Do you believe...?
Al responder utiliza expresiones como: I think that..., Well, personally, I feel..., I believe..., In my opinion..., From my point of
view..., etc.
4. EJERCICIOS MORFOSINTÁCTICOS:
Deberás demostrar tus conocimientos completando frases, formulando preguntas a respuestas dadas, uniendo oraciones mediante
pronombres relativos o conjunciones, transformando oraciones activas en pasivas, cambiando frases afirmativas en negativas o
interrogativas, reescribiendo en estilo indirecto, poniendo el verbo en infinitivo en su tiempo verbal correspondiente atendiendo al
contexto de la frase, etC.
5. EJERCICIOS DE VOCABULARIO:
Deberás emparejar sinónimos, buscar antónimos, explicar en inglés el significado de varias palabras, usar una misma palabra en dos
frases con significados distintos, derivar palabras de una misma raíz, etc.
6. EJERCICIOS DE PRONUNCIACIÓN:
Su finalidad es comprobar tu conocimiento de la pronunciación de ciertas palabras aparecidas en el texto.
-Ejemplo: Buscar palabras con el mismo sonido vocálico que ea en least.
7. RESÚMENES DEL CONTENIDO DEL TEXTO:
1- Lee el texto y extrae el tema general de que trata.
2- Extrae las ideas fundamentales de cada párrafo. Una vez identificadas, trata de reescribirlas con tus propias palabras.
3- Piensa en el tipo de relación sintáctica que puede establecerse entre estas ideas:
-relación aditiva, -relación alternativa, -relación contrastiva, -relación de causa y efecto,
-relación de ordenación cronológica o lógica.
4- Puedes introducir tu resumen diciendo:
- The text is about..., This is the story of..., The text deals with...
Cuando estés resumiendo el punto de vista del autor puedes iniciar tu resumen:
- The author states/ suggests/ criticizes/ explains/ points out...
5- Presta especial atención a la coherencia entre los tiempos verbales empleados. Si escribes sobre algo que sucedió en el pasado
raramente podrás emplear tiempos de presente. Sin embargo, en el caso de introducir una opinión o comentario personal dentro de la
historia, éstos podrán expresarse en presente.
Ejemplo: Primary school was a mixture of rules and games. I remember that we had to queue to go into class and we had to ask
permission for everything...Some of our teachers were strict but in general they were friendly.... On the whole I have very good
memories of my school days and of the people I worked with.
6. Lee de nuevo tu resumen y corrige posibles errores.
8. REDACCIONES:
1- Lee detenidamente el título de la redacción. Fíjate en el tiempo verbal si lo hubiere. Cerciorate sobre si debes escribir sobre algo ya
ocurrido (tiempos de pasado), rutinas diarias (formas de presente), predicciones (tiempos de futuro) o situaciones hipotéticas
(condicionales).
2- Haz un listado mental de las ideas que quieres tratar. Si no se te ocurre nada, hazte preguntas básicas para describir cualquier
suceso: Who, When, Where, What, How, Why...
- W&A: -Who, When, Where, Weather, What is he/she doing, What happens next...
3- Planifica el vocabulario que vas a emplear. Evita expresiones inglesas de las que no estés muy seguro, y, sobretodo no te inventes
palabras. No es nada aconsejable que traduzcas del castellano. Intenta recordar frases hechas y expresiones aprendidas que puedan
ser empleadas en ese contexto.
4- Tipos de redacciones que pueden salir: - Descriptivas - Narrativas - Argumentativas - Cartas.
5- Organiza tus ideas en dos o tres párrafos.:
- En narraciones: 1- descripción del entorno espacial y temporal de la historia
2- secuencia de acontecimientos
3- final sorprendente
- En redacciones argumentativas:
1- introducción del tema de forma general
2- concretar el tema con ejemplos que sostengan tus argumentos
3- opinión personal y preguntas sobre la validez de los argumentos empleados por otros.
6. Piensa en las partículas y conectores más apropiados para unir tus frases.
7. Procura pensar cuidadosamente cada frase antes de escribirla.
8. Evita repetirte demasiado, ve al grano. No escribas frases demasiado largas con múltiples oraciones subordinadas.
9. Dedica unos minutos a repasar lo escrito. Presta atención a los tiempos verbales que has empleado, la presencia del sujeto, la posición
del adverbio y de los adjetivos...etc.
2. CONTENIDOS GRAMATICALES
1. FORMULACIÓN DE PREGUNTAS:
1. Orden de los elementos:
- Partícula interrogativa Wh-
- Verbo auxiliar
- Sujeto
- Verbo principal
- Objetos
- Complementos circunstanciales
- signo de interrogación ?
Ejemplo: where have you put the books from the library?
* En el present y el past : auxiliar do/does y did. En estos casos el verbo principal: infinitive sin to
Ejemplo: Did they know what to do?
* Si el pronombre interrogativo es el sujeto de la oración: no se utilizará el auxiliar do.
Ejemplos: - Who took the book away?
- What makes you think that way?
2. Pronombres y partículas interrogativas:
- Who? ¿Quién? - Who sings in the bath every morning?
- Whom? ¿A quién? - Whom did you meet? (Se usa muy poco en la actualidad)
- Whose? ¿De quién? - Whose book is this?
- What? ¿Qué? - What is this?
- Which? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? - Which book do you want?
- How? ¿Cómo? - How do you get to school?
- Where? ¿Dónde? - Where is the Post Office?
- When ¿Cuándo? - When do you get up?
- Why? ¿Por qué? - Why did you come?
- What about? (Sugerencias) - What about you? - What about going to the cinema?
- What ... like? ¿Cómo? - What's your brother like?
- What time? ¿A qué hora? - What time does the disco open?
- How far? ¿A qué distancia? - How far is your house from school?
- How long? ¿Cuánto tiempo? - How long have you studied English?
- How often? ¿Con qué frecuencia? - How often do you go to a concert?
- How old? ¿Qué edad? - How old is your grandmother?
- How high? ¿Qué altura? - How high is The Eiffel Tower?
- How many? ¿Cuántos/as? - How many friends have you got?
- How much? ¿Cuánto? - How much coffee do you want?
2. SUBJUNTIVO:
1. Diferencias con el indicativo:
- En el present, la 3ª persona sing. se pone en infinitive sin to.
Ejemplo: It is necessary that he remain here.
- En el past, el verbo to be usa la forma were para todas las personas.
Ejemplo: Just suppose the child were yours!
2. Usos del subjuntivo:
- Let's be friends. ....................................................... Seamos amigos.
- Tell him to come. ..................................................... Dile que venga.
- Don't do it. ............................................................... No lo hagas.
- Come what may, I'll help you. .................................. Pase lo que pase, te ayudaré.
- Whoever wins, The result will be the same. ............. Gane quien gane, el resultado será el mismo.
- Whether you like it or not, I'm going right now. ........ Lo quieras o no, me voy en seguida.
- I wish she were here. ............................................... Ojalá estuviese aquí.
- It is time she were here. ........................................... Ya es hora de que estuviese aquí.
- I wish I could go. ....................................................... Ojalá pudiese ir.
- I wish she hadn't left. ................................................ Ojalá no se hubiese ido ella.
- I wish it would stop raining soon. ............................... Ojalá dejase de llover pronto.
- If only I knew it. ......................................................... Ojalá lo supiese.
- If only I had known. ................................................... Ojalá lo hubiese sabido.
- You had better ring me later. .................................... Es mejor que me llames más tarde.
- It is possible that he will come. ................................... Es posible que venga.
- It may rain tomorrow. ................................................ Quizás llueva mañana.
- They might come later. .............................................. Tal vez vengan más tarde.
- They didn't want him to drive the car. ........................ No querían que el condujese el coche.
- They asked him not to drive the car. ......................... Le pidieron que no condujese el coche.
- Excuse my ringing so late last night. .......................... Perdona que te llamase tan tarde anoche.
- He denied his having taken the money. ..................... Negó que se hubiese llevado el dinero.
- If he were here, you wouldn't say that. ....................... Si é estuviese aquí, no lo dirías.
- If we had time, we'd go with you. ................................ Si tuviesemos tiempo, iríamos con vosotros.
- If they had told us, we wouldn't have come. ............... Si nos lo hubiesen dicho, no habríamos venido.
- I left it on the table so that he might find it. ................. Lo dejé sobre la mesa para que pudiera encontrarlo.
- She brought some documents for me to sign. ........... Trajo unos documentos para que los firmara.
3. LA PASIVA:
1. Cuándo y para qué se usa:
- Realzar la importancia del objeto de una oración activa.
Ejemplo: His daughter was run over by a motorbike.
- Se desconoce el sujeto de la acción o es obvio.
Ejemplo: His uncle was killed in the Civil War.
2. La transformación en pasiva:
- El complemento directo de la oración activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva.
- Si existe complemento indirecto en la oración activa, es éste el que pasa a ser sujeto pasivo.
- La forma pasiva se forma conjugando el verbo to be en el tiempo verbal del verbo activo, seguido del participio pasado del verbo
activo.
- El sujeto de la activa pasa a ser agente precedido de la prep. by ( en algunos casos precedido de with). En la mayoría de las frases
pasivas no se menciona el sujeto activo.
Ejemplos: - The police arrested TWO HUNDRED PEOPLE.
- TWO HUNDRED PEOPLE were arrested by the police.
- Someone has given HIM a lot of money.
- HE has been given a lot of money by someone.
* En ocasiones también se emplea get.
- Things are getting sorted out.
- I´ll soon get dressed.
4. EL ESTILO INDIRECTO:
1. Cuando el verbo principal de la frase está en past, el tiempo verbal de la frase indirecta cambiará así:
present simple D past simple
present continuous D past continuous
present perfect Dpast perfect
is going to Dwas going to
must Dhad to
can Dcould
past simple Dpast perfect
past continuous Dpast perfect continuous
will Dwould
shall Dshould
imperative D infinitive
Ejemplos: - "I must go" D He said he had to go.
- "I haven´t seen anybody" D She said she hadn´t seen anybody.
- "I´ll talk to Mr Jones" D He said he would talk to Mr Jones.
* Algunos tiempos verbales no cambian:
Would Dwould, could Dcould, might Dmight, should Dshould
* Se puede poner u omitir that detrás del verbo principal: - He said he wasn´t going
- He said that he wasn´t going.
2. Además de los tiempos verbales hay otras palabras que también deben cambiar en la frase indirecta:
tomorrow D the next day / the following day
yesterday D The day before
here D there
this / that D the
this morning D that morning
today D that day
tonight D that night
next / on Tuesday D the following Tuesday
last Tuesday D the previous Tuesday
the day after tomorrow Din two days´ time
ago D before / previously
* También cambian los pronombres personales y los adjetivos y pronombres posesivos. No se pueden dar reglas para estos cambios;
fíjate en el sujeto del verbo introductorio y aplica tu sentido común para determinar las nuevas relaciones entre las personas
mencionadas.
* También algunos verbos cambian: come Dgo, bringDtake.
3. PREGUNTAS INDIRECTAS:
- Las preguntas indirectas cambian el orden de la pregunta original además de los cambios verbales:
Ejemplos: - What is the time? D She asked what time it was.
- How is your mother? D He asked me how my mother was.
- Se usa if o whether cuando la pregunta no contiene ninguna particula interrogativa Wh-:
Ejemplo: - Did you see the film? D She asked whether I had seen the film
4. IMPERATIVOS INDIRECTOS:
- Los mandatos indirectos usan un complemento indirecto y un infinitivo:
Ejemplos: - Stop D He told them to stop.
- Don´t go D He told me not to go.
- Existe una diferencia entre las ofertas indirectas y las peticiones indirectas:
a) oferta: "Would you like a cigarette?" D He asked if I would like a cigarette.
b) petición: "Would you pass me a cigarette? D He asked me to pass him a cigarette.
5. VERBOS QUE RESUMEN FRASES:
No es siempre necesario pasar al estilo indirecto todas las palabras de las frases directas: algunos verbos se utilizan para resumir ciertas
frases.
Ejemplos: - "Oh dear", she said, "I´m terribly sorry I´m late".
D She apologized for being late.
- "I know a good restaurant. Why don´t we go there?
D He suggested that we should go to a restaurant.
- Verbos que rigen infinitive:
advise, invite, offer, promise, refuse, remind, warn
- Verbos que rigen gerund:
apologize for, insist on, suggest
- Verbos seguidos de indirect speech:
agree, announce, boast, claim, concede..... that...
Ejemplo: "We´re going to get married in June", she said.
D She announced that they were going to get married in June.
5. ORACIONES DE RELATIVO:
1. ORACIONES DE RELATIVO CON WHO, THAT Y WHICH:
Mira esta frase: - The man gave me some money.
Si queremos describir al hombre, podemos usar un adjetivo (old, thin, young, etc):
- The old man gave me some money.
Sin embargo, a veces la información que queremos dar es más complicada.
- The old man met me at the airport. He gave me some money.
Las dos frases pueden combinarse para mostrarme qué viejo me dio el dinero:
- The old man who met me at the airport gave me some money.
who met me at the airport es una frase (pequeña dentro de otra mayor) que se llama oración de relativo.
FORMA: Son oraciones que suelen comenzar por who (personas), that (personas o cosas), o which (cosas), y se colocan
inmediatamente después del nombre al que describen:
-I was talking to a person who had worked with my father.
- The machine that I wanted to buy was too expensive.
* Who, that, y which sustituyen al pronombre:
- This is the man who I met in Paris. y NO: - This is the man who I met him in Paris.
2. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES, y NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES:
-Las oraciones especificativas o defining clauses definen o especifican el nombre de la oración principal al que se refieren:
- "I saw that man again"
- "Which man?"
- "The man who wants to buy my house".
* who wants to buy my house es un ejemplo de defining clause.
- Las oraciones explicativas o non-defining clauses dan una información no imprescindible. Van entre comas:
- "A man, who said he knew my father, asked me for money".
* who said he knew my father es un hecho importante pero es una información extra más que esencial.
- “The house, which they bought three months ago, looks lovely.
* No se puede omitir el pronombre relativo (which).
-La diferencia entre Defining y Non-defining clauses es importante porque pueden cambiar el significado de una frase:
- (defining): I have two sisters who are living in New York at the moment. (sólo dos viven en New York).
- (non-defining): I have two sisters, who are living in New York at the moment. (tengo sólo dos hermanas).
3. ORACIONES DE RELATIVO SUJETO Y OBJETO:
El nombre que se describe en la oración de relativo puede ser sujeto u objeto de la oración de relativo:
- The man who normally works here is ill.
Oración principal: The man is ill.
Oración relativa: Who normally works here. (he normally works here).
* Aquí el relativo Who es el sujeto de la oración relativa: es una subject relative clause.
- The man who you saw yesterday is ill.
Oración principal: The man is ill.
Oración relativa: Who you saw yesterday. (you saw him yesterday).
* Aquí el relativo Who es el objeto de la oración de relativo: es una object relative clause.
En este tipo de oraciónes de relativo, object relative clauses, si son defining, los relativos who, that, which no son necesarios y
se suelen suprimir:
Ejemplos: -She´s the person who I met at the conference. D She´s the person I met at the conference.
- Have you seen the dress that I´ve just bought? D Have you seen the dress I´ve just bought?
* Esto no puede hacerse con subject relative clauses:
- The man who was feeling ill left early
NO SE PUEDE DECIR: - The man was feeling ill left early.
4. WHOSE (= cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas):
Se usa para indicar posesión:
- There´s the man. His wallet was stolen D There´s the man whose wallet was stolen.
* No hay que confundirlo con who´s que es la contracción de who is, y de who has.
5. WHICH REFIRIÉNDOSE A FRASES ENTERAS:
- His dog turned on the television. I thought it was rather surprising.
- His dog turned on the televsion, which I thought it was rather surprising.
6. WHERE, WHEN Y WHY EN ORACIONES RELATIVAS:
- Where y when introducen oraciones relativas de lugar y tiempo:
Ejemplos: - We visited the town where I was born. (defining).
- I bought them at the supermarket, where I met Mrs Butler. (non-defining).
- I think that was the time when I lost all my money. (defining).
- I saw the film last year, when I was in Paris. (non-defining).
- Why, seguida de that's, a reason, o the reason (por lo que) suele introducir una defining clause.
Ejemplo: - There must be a reason why you said that.
6. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES:
1. Hay tres tipos de oraciones condicionales:
-1º: POSIBLE: If + present............. future / present / imperative
-2º: IMPROBABLE: If + past................... conditional / could , might + infinitive
-3º: IMPOSIBLE: If + past perfect...... conditional perfect / could, might + perfect infinitive
Ejemplos: - If you come at ten, we´ll be ready.
- if you press this button, the machine switches off.
- If you hear the alarm, get out as fast as you can.
- If I lived by the sea, I would do a lot of swimming.
- If they asked me to work for them, I might accept.
- If I had worked harder, I would have passed the exam.
- If you had asked me for tickets, I could have got you some.
2. OTRAS PALABRAS ADEMÁS DE IF:
a) Unless = if not, (a menos que, a no ser que):
- I´ll go home soon if the film doesn´t start D I´ll go home soon unless the film starts.
b) Provided that, on condition that, as long as = if and only if. ( siempre que, suponiendo que, con tal de que...)
- Provided that everybody agrees, we´ll have the meeting on Tuesday.
c) Supposing that, imagine, just suppose
- Just suppose it didn´t rain for four months, would we have enough water?
* Existe una construcción especial en la que se invierte el orden y desaparece la conjunción if:
- Had I known, I wouldn´t have come. = Si lo hubiese sabido, no habría venido.
7. MODALS:
- Los modales son verbos que suelen dar significados especiales a verbos principales:
- Hay doce verbos modales: can, shall, must, could, should, ought to, may, will, need (to), might, would, dare.
1. CAN, COULD:
- CAN: know how to, be able to, be allowed to. - I can swim.
- Mary can speak Frech.
- You can sit here.
- My mother says I can´t go out tonight.
- COULD: past of can, used in second conditional. - I´m sorry I couldn´t come yesterday
- If you gave me the money, I could do the shopping.
* can y could se pueden usar en "requests". Could es más formal: - Can I have a glass of water, please?
- Could you open the door for me, please?
* be able to se usa en lugar de can en todos los tiempos verbales, ya que can se usa sólo en presente o en su pasado could.
2. MUST, HAVE TO:
- Must y have to tienen el mismo significado en la afirmativa: - You must leave. ( = you can't stay)
- You have to leave. ( = you can't stay)
- Must y have to tienen distinto significado en negativa: - You mustn´t leave. ( = obligation. You can't go)
- You don´t have to leave. ( = no obligation. You can go or stay).
* have to no es un verbo modal aunque se usa en lugar de must en todos los tiempos, con el significado de must.
* have to forma su negativa e interrogativa como cualquier verbo principal.
3. SHOULD, OUGHT TO: No significan obligación sino consejo. Se pueden traducir por "deberías".
4. MAY Y MIGHT: Indican una posibilidad presente o futura. - He may arrive soon. Él puede llegar pronto.
- He might arrive soon. Él podría llegar pronto.
* May I y may we se usan en inglés formal en lugar de can I y can we con el significado de pedir permiso.
5. NEED + INFINITIVE:
- Afirmativa: I need to practise my English.
- negativa: a) don't need to se usa cuando la situación no requiere que algo se haga:
- you don´t need to have a visa to go to France from Britain.
b) needn't se usa cuando el que habla da permiso para que algo no se haga:
- Teacher to students: You needn´t do any homework tonight.
- interrogativa: a) Do I need to apply for a visa?
b) Need I do any homework this weekend?
* Need puede usarse también como verbo principal: I need some petrol. Do you need anything else?
* Need + GERUND se usa con el mismo significado que una construcción pasiva:
- My car needs cleaning. ( = my car needs to be cleaned)
- Your hair needs washing. ( = your hair needs to be washed).
* NEED IN THE PAST:
- Afirmativa: - I needed something to eat
- I needed to rest for a few minutes.
- The house needed painting.
- Negativa: a) didn't need to + INFINITIVE:
- I didn´t need to get up early yesterday.( = it wasn't necessary, so I didn't).
b) needn't have + PAST PARTICIPLE:
- I needn´t have got up early yesterday.( = it wasn't necessary, but I did it, and now I realize it wasn't necessary).
= no necesitaba haberme levantado.
8. GERUNDIOS E INFINITIVOS:
- El GERUNDIO a veces se usa como nombre: - Smoking is bad for you - She's good at swimming.
* Nota algunos cambios necesarios: - lieDlying - takeDtaking - sitDsitting
- Un verbo DESPUÉS DE PREPOSICIÓN D va siempre en GERUNDIO: - After closing the door...
- Algunos verbos suelen ir seguidos por gerundio:
- like - love - start - stop - enjoy - miss
- dislike - hate - begin - finish - prefer - give up
- Otros verbos menos usados que también rigen gerundio son:
detest, prevent, avoid, risk, admit, deny, delay, postpone, fancy, imagine, forgive, pardon, excuse,
suggest, keep, understand, mind, consider, miss, involve, can't stand, can't help, it's no use/ no good.
- El INFINITIVO, precedido de la preposición to se usa para expresar FINALIDAD:
- I came here to see you. - I went to London to study English. - I drove to the airport to meet my parents.
- Los verbos más frecuentes que suelen ir seguidos de to + infinitive son:
learn, remember, forget, promise, swear, agree, refuse, regret, try, fail, hope, hesitate, prepare, decide,
determine, manage, arrange, seem, want...
- Se usa to + infinitive después de ciertos adjetivos o de ciertos nombres o pronombres:
- I´m SURPRISED to hear you say that. - I´ve got some HOMEWORK to do.
- Se usa infinitivo sin la preposición to detrás de los verbos siguientes: - shall, will, can, could, must,
- después de make y let + nombre/ pronombre: - We let THEM go home.
- después de verbos de "seeing, hearing, & feeling" + nombre/ pronombre: - I saw HIM arrive
9. VERY COMMON MISTAKES
1. PALABRAS DE USO FRECUENTE:
- think (pensar)
- thing (cosa)
- which y NO wich
- with y NO whit
- cannot o can't y NO can not
- the y NO de
- practice (nombre) * Los verbos suelen terminar en -ise o -ize, y los sustantivos en -ice.
- practise (verbo) * Excepción: surprise se escribe igual el verbo y el sustantivo.
2. DUPLICACIÓN DE LA CONSONANTE AL AÑADIR SUFIJOS:
Palabras monosílabas terminadas en una consonante precedida de una sola vocal, duplican la consonante ante un sufijo:
Ejemplos:
- big D bigger, biggest - plan D planned - stop D stopping
* No duplican la consonante final las palabras que no reunan las condiciones anteriores:
Ejemplos:
- open D opening - lateD later - read D reading - bring D bringing.
Las palabras de más de una sílaba duplicarán la consonante final sólo si se acentúa su última sílaba:
Ejemplos:
- begin D beginning - refer D referring
En inglés británico se dobla la -L final siempre, aunque la palabra no sea aguda. En inglés americano nunca se dobla:
-travel D travelled....... o...... traveled.
3. CAMBIO DE -Y POR -I AL AÑADIR UN SUFIJO:
Se sustituye la -y al final de palabra por -i sólo si la -y va precedida de consonante:
ejemplos
- lady D ladies - heavy D heavier, heaviest - fly Dflies
- try D tried - happy D happiness - easy D easily
Sin embargo se conserva la -y final si va precedida de vocal:
Ejemplos:
- day D days - boy Dboys - lay D lays - play D played
4. PALABRAS QUE DEBEN ESCRIBIRSE CON MAYÚSCULAS:
- Las que inicien una frase.
- Los días de la semana, y los meses del año.
- Los adjetivos de nacionalidad: American, Spanish. Chinese...
5. POSICIÓN DE LOS ELEMENTOS DE LA FRASE:
En inglés el orden de los elementos de una frase es mucho más estricto que en castellano.
1- FRASES AFIRMATIVAS: sujeto + auxiliar + verbo principal + objeto indirecto + objeto directo + circunstanciales...
* Los circunstanciales: 1º modo, 2º lugar, 3º tiempo. El circunstancial de tiempo puede también aparecer al principio de la frase.
2- FRASES NEGATIVAS: NOT aparecerá siempre detrás del primer verbo auxiliar. Para la forma negativa del presente y del pasado
se emplean las formas correspondientes del auxiliar do.
Ejemplo: Bruce has lived in New York D Bruce has not lived in New York.
3- FRASES INTERROGATIVAS: Se forman invirtiendo el orden entre el sujeto y el primer verbo auxiliar. En el presente y el pasado
simple se emplearán las formas correspomdientes del auxiliar do, does o did, y el verbo principal se pondrá en infinitivo sin to.
Ejemplos:
Jane can speak four languagesD Can Jane speak four languages?
Neil dances very wellD Does Neil dance very well?
Ian phoned me last nightD Did Ian phone me last night?
* Si la pregunta es indirecta se deberá emplear el mismo orden que en las afirmativas. Es decir, el sujeto debe preceder al verbo.
Ejemplo: They asked us if we had gone to Paul´s party.
4- POSICIÓN DEL ADJETIVO: El adjetivo (siempre en singular) aparece siempre delante del sustantivo.
* Si hay más de un adjetivo:
- Los adjetivos descriptivos aparecerán antes que los restrictivos. Ej: A naughty little girl. A beautiful Italian car.
- Los sustantivos adjetivados preceden al sustantivo al que califican, y los otros adjetivos irán delante. Ej: The blue April sky.
- Orden: adjetivos de número, tamaño, forma, color, material, nacionalidad... + nombre.
5. ADVERBIOS DE POSICIÓN INTERMEDIA: Entre el sujeto y el verbo, o después del primer verbo auxiliar, si lo hay.
- Adverbios de frecuencia: Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never... y otros como just, only, already.
6. AUSENCIA DE SUJETO: En inglés siempre debe aparecer el sujeto precediendo al verbo. Sin embargo, no es necesario repetir el
sujeto en una secuencia de acciones: He went into the kitchen, put on the kettle and made some tea.
- I think it is better... How difficult it is for people...
- But it is very probable... Studying at home it is very boring.
7. DOBLE NEGACIÓN: not ... any = no There is nobody here = There isn´t anybody here.
* La preposición without y los adverbios hardly y never tienen significación negativa.
8. SOME, ANY Y SUS COMPUESTOS:
- somebody - anyboby - nobody - everybody
- someone - anyone - no one - everyone
- something - anything - nothing - everything
- somewhere - anywhere - nowhere - everywhere
9. CREO QUE NO = I don't think so. ESPERO QUE NO = I hope not.... (page 24).
6. CONSTRUCCIONES CON MAKE:
- Para expresar que algo/alguien nos hace hacer otra cosa. Ejemplo: I made him call the police.
- Con los adjetivos clear, easy, sure, para significar: dejar claro, facilitar, asegurarse.
Ejemplos:
- I´d like to make my views clear.
- Mary´s help made things easier.
- You should study hard to make sure that you pass the exam.
7. TRADUCCIÓN DE ME GUSTA, ME ENCANTA, ME DIVIERTE:
En inglés concuerdan la persona que gusta... y el verbo. Es una construcción diferente del castellano.
Ejemplos: - Me gusta el café D I like coffee ( = gusto café)
- Les encantaron tus regalos D They loved your presents.
- Me divirtió la película D I enjoyed the film.
8. CÓMO EXPRESAR EXISTENCIA:
En inglés no se emplea el verbo have sino la construcción there + forma correspondiente de be. Es decir:
- there is there was there will be there would be ...
- there are there were
9. CÓMO EXPRESAR HABITUALIDAD EN PRESENTE Y EN PASADO:
- Para expresar habitualidad en el presente empleamos el present simple con algún adverbio de frecuencia.
- Tan solo en el pasado usamos el verbo modal used to para indicar "solía". En negativa: didn't use to.
* También es posible usar would + infinitive para expresar lo mismo que con used to.
Ejemplos: - He used to smoke too much.
- He usually reads in bed.
- My dog would go wild when I put on my jeans. That meant time for playing.
* No hay que confundir esto con la construcción inglesa to be used to doing something que se usa para expresar familiaridad con
algo. Ejemplo: I am used to working with him and understand his methods.
10. USOS ESPECIALES DEL VERBO TO BE:
- I am 17 years old - you are late - I am in a hurry
- it is very hot - I was hungry - I´m in love with her
- she is very lucky - they were thirsty - ...
11. FINALIDAD:
- Para expresar finalidad se escribe: to + infinitive. Ejemplo: I am studying hard to pass the exam.
- También podemos emplear in order to o so as to + infinitive.
Ejemplo: We wrote this book so as to / in order to help you pass the university entrance exam.
- Emplearemos for + - ing cuando queramos indicar el uso que se da a un objeto.
Ejemplo: A thermometer is used for measuring the temperature of a room or a person´s body.
- "para que + subjuntivo"D so that + oración, usualmente con can.
Ejemplo: Lo he arreglado todo para que vengas con nosotrosD Everything has been arranged so that you can come with us.
12. CONSTRUCCIONES DE INFINITIVO:
- I want to pass the exam - I want you to pass the exam
- I'd like to go to Africa - I'd like you to go to Africa
13. ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO:
- El artículo a / an es singular. No puede ir con sustantivos plurales.
- También es incorrecto emplear el artículo a / an delante de sustantivos no contables.Ej: I bought this for you with a great love.
- Debemos emplear el artículo indeterminado delante de los nombres de profesiones / oficios. Ej: Margaret is a doctor.
14. AUSENCIA DEL ARTÍCULO:
- No debemos emplear ningún artículo cuando nos refiramos a un sustantivo de forma genérica. Ej: I love chess.
- No debe emplearse el artículo en expresiones de uso común como:
to / at / from... school / university / college
to / in / into / out of... prison / hospital / bed
to / at / from... work
to / in / from... town
* El uso del artículo modifica el significado de estas expresiones:
John went to hospital yesterday D (fue hospitalizado)
I went to the hospital D (fui a visitar a alguien).
15. PLURALES IRREGULARES:
- child Dchildren ox D oxen
- foot D feet goose Dgeese
- man D men tooth Dteeth
- mouse D mice woman Dwomen
- Hay sustantivos que no cambian al formar el plural:
- fish - salmon - trout
- sheep - deer - spacecraft
- Hay sustantivos que son plurales:
- people - cattle
16. PLURAL DE LOS ADJETIVOS:
Los adjetivos en inglés no llevan forma de plural. Los únicos adjetivos que tienen formas distintas en singular y plural son los
demostrativos: - this D these
- that D those
17. PRONOMBRES SUJETO / OBJETO. ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS:
pronombres sujeto pronombres objeto adjetivos posesivos pronombres posesivos reflexivos
I me my... mine myself
you you your... yours yourself
he him his... his himself
she her her... hers herself
it it its... - itself
we us our... ours ourselves
you you your... yours yourselves
they them their... theirs theirselves
18. MUCH Y MANY:
- Much apompaña a sustantivos no contables: There wasn´t much wine in the bottle.
- Many acompaña a sustantivos contables: Were there many people?
- Much y many se utilizan fundamentalmente en frases negativas e interrogativas. En afirmativas: a lot (of), plenty (of).
- Much y many se usa en frases afirmativas después de las palabras: too, so y as. Ej: Too many people were invited.
19. LITTLE Y FEW:
- Se usan para expresar una cantidad pequeña de algo.
- Little determina a sustantivos no contables, y few, a los contables.
- Pueden ir acompañados del artículo a, cambiando su significado:
- There´s little sugar. D poco azúcar (cantidad insuficiente).
- There´s a little sugar on the table. D algo de azúcar (cantidad pequeña).
- He´s got few friends. D pocos amigos.
- He´s got a few friends. D unos cuantos amigos.
20. ANOTHER, OTHER, Y OTHERS:
- No se puede emplear another con sustantivos en plural.
- Con sustantivos en plural se usa other.
- Others sólo se usa como pronombre.
Ejemplos: - Some people like reading but others don´t.
- Give me another ticket, please.
- I didn´t go with them, I went there with other people.
21. EVERY, EACH Y ANY:
- Every significa "todos y cada uno". Recuerda que el sustantivo va en singular.
Ejemplo: Every sentence must have a subject = All the sentences must have a subject.
- Each significa "cada". Ej: One student from each school will be chosen.
- Any significa "cualquier/a" en oraciones afirmativas: Ej: You can take any book you like.
22. FRASES COMPARATIVAS:
- Es frecuente la confusión de than de las frases comparativas con that.
- También es frecuente el error de poner la forma comparativa dos veces en una frase:
Ejem: Travelling by train is more cheaper (cheap).
- Para expresar aumento dradual: "cada vez más..." se utilizan dos comparativos unidos por and.
Ejem: The car was moving faster and faster.
- Para expresar proporcionalidad directa entre dos acciones: "cuanto más/menos... tanto más/menos", se utilizan dos comparativos
precedidos del artículo the: Ejemplos: -The more he earns, the less he spends.
- The sooner, the better.
23. ENOUGH, QUITE, RATHER:
- Enough: - si actúa como adjetivo predede al sustantivo: Ej: There wasn´t enough bread.
- si actúa como adverbio va detrás del adjetivo o adverbio al que modifica:
Ej: - The water was not wam enough
- The athletes didn´t run quickly enough.
- Quite: tiene dos significados:
- "bastante": modifica a adjetivos cuya cualidad pueda ser medida gradualmente. The film was quite interesting.
- "absolutamente": va con adjetivos que no admiten gradación en su cualidad. It´s quite impossible to go there.
- Rather: significa "bastante" en sentido peyorativo. That was rather expensive.
- rather than: "antes que". Ejemplo: I expected him to write rather than telephone.
- or rather: "mejor dicho". Ejemplo: Ann is a biologist, or rather, an ecologist.
24. ALREADY, STILL, YET, NO LONGER:
* Para expresar la idea de "ya", empleamos:
- Already, en frases afirmativas e interrogativas. Queremos dar a entender que la acción acaba antes de lo esperado.
Ejemplo: They have already finished.
- Yet, en frases interrogativas, para referirnos a algo que estamos esperando.
Ejemplo: Has my mother phoned yet?
- No longer, en frases negativas con el significado de "ya no". Ocupa una posición intermedia entre el sujeto y el verbo.
Ejemplo: They no longer live in Seville.
- Any longer / any more, en frases negativas con el significado de "ya no". Va al final de la frase.
Ejemplo: He is not working here any longer.
* Para expresar la idea de "todavía", empleamos:
- Still, en frases afirmativas e interrogativas. Aparece en posición intermedia en la frase.
Ejemplos: - Does Paul still live in Madrid?
- John hasn´t arrived yet, he is still in his office.
- Yet, en frases negativas, en posición final de frase.
Ejemplo: Your mother hasn´t phoned yet.
* A veces se usa still o yet en la misma frase para cambiar el significado ligeramente:
Ejemplos: - I dont understand it yet. D Todavía no lo entiendo
- I still don´t understand it. D Sigo sin entenderlo.
25. DIFERENCIAS ENTRE MAKE Y DO:
- Make: Significa "hacer", "fabricar" y suele usarse en expresiones como:
- make a telephone call - make friends - make the beds
- make a journey - make a choice - make a deal
- make a meal - make an offer - make a speech
- make an effort - make a visit - make a suggestion
- make a bad impression - make a mistake - make a trip
- make a good job - make a change - make money...
- Do: Significa "hacer" en sentido más abstracto, y suele usarse en expresiones como:
- do a lot of work - do the housework
- do my homework - do an exercise
- do your best - do a favour
- do some reading / writing .....
26. DIFERENCIAS ENTRE SAY Y TELL:
- Say: "decir", no requiere la persona a quien se dice algo.
* Frases hechas: - say thank you - let's say
- they say - say what you like
- say... ( = por ejemplo) - as you say
- that is to say - needless to say
- say no - what would you say to a glass of wine?
- Tell: "decir, contar, narrar", sí que requiere la mención de la persona a quien se dice algo.
Ejemplo: - Tell ME what you know, ...
- Tell a story, a joke, a tale...
* Frases hechas: - time will tell tell the truth
- you never can tell tell a lie, tell lies
- I told YOU so tell the time
27. PALABRAS INGLESAS PARA EXPRESAR "COMO" Y "CÓMO":
- interrogativo: - How did you come?
- How are you?
- What is your house like?
- What?
- conjunción: - As I had no money, I couldn't buy that motorbike.
- He behaved as if he didn't know us.
- Unless you go at once... = como no vayas enseguida...
- adverbio: - He sleeps like a log
- There are fish, such as herrings and salmon
- We can use the tin as an ashtray.
28. CÓMO EXPRESAR "TODO" Y "TODOS":
- Todos los días D Every day - Todas las semanas D Every week
- Todo el día D All day - Toda la semana D the whole week
29. FOR Y DURING:
- For significa "durante" y va con una frase en la que se expresa una CANTIDAD DE TIEMPO de modo explícito:
Ejemplo: - She has lived here for TEN years.
- During significa "durante" precediendo a una expresión temporal no cuantificable:
Ejemplo: We visited our friends in Paris during the war.
PHRASAL VERBS
1. Agree with: estar de acuerdo
- I'm afraid I can't agree with you in this matter.
2. Answer back: replicar.
- Don´t answer me back!
3 Back out: volverse atrás, romper un acuerdo.
- It´s too late to back out now; I´m afraid we shall have to go through with it.
4. Back up: apoyar, respaldar
- If I protest against the decision, will you back me up?
5. Be after: querer, pretender
- What are you after? Just tell me plainly.
6. Be along: venir, llegar
- The doctor will be along any minute now.
7. Be back: regresar, volver
- I´ll be back as soon as I can.
8. Be fed up: estar harto
- I'm fed up with this wet weather.
9. Be for: ser partidario de.
- Are you for or against the abolition of the death penalty?
10. Be in: estar en casa.
- I´d like to see Dr Bentley. Is he in?
11. Be over: terminarse, acabarse
- Well, it's all over now. You needn't worry about it any longer.
12. Be up to: depender de uno, incumbir a uno
- It's not up to me to decide on these matters.
13. Blow up: estallar (una bomba), hacer saltar, volar
- The bomb blew up killing five people.
14. Blow up: hinchar
- The child kept blowing up the balloon till it burst.
15. Blow up: echar una bronca a uno.
- The teacher blew me up for arriving late this morning.
16. Break down: estropearse, averiarse
- These machines will break down if they are left without maintenance
17. Break in: entrar rompiendo la puerta...
- The thieves broke in and stole the paintings.
18. Break up: separarse (una pareja).
- Peter and Lily broke up nearly a year ago.
19. Bring back: devolver.
- I´ll lend you my car provided you bring it back tomorrow.
20. Bring on: causar, ocasionar.
- Such cold and extremely damp weather often brings on influenza.
21. Bring up: educar.
- She brought up her children to be truthful.
22. Carry on: seguir, continuar
- Sorry if I interrupted you. Please, carry on.
23. Carry out: cumplir (una promesa), llevar a cabo
- They didn't carry out their promise to help us.
24. Clear up: aclarar
- I'd like to clear up this matter once and for all.
25. Do with: tener que ver con, tener relación con
- She's very interested in anything to do with Roman art.
26. Do without: pasarse sin, prescindir de
- Children can't do without the help of their parents
27. Find out: averiguar
- In the end I found out what was wrong with my radio.
28. Fix up: fijar, arreglar, organizar (una fecha...)
- The club has already fixed up several matches for next season.
29. Get along = Get on: llevarse bien con uno
- It's very easy to get along with the new boss. He's very nice.
30. Get away: escaparse, evadirse
- The cashier got away with all the money in the safe.
31. Get away with: quedarse sin castigo
- Some people can get away with murder.
32. Get off: apearse, bajar (de un autobus...)
- You get off at the next station.
33. Get on: subir (a un autobus...) / hacer progresos
- How is he getting on at school?
34. Get through: comunicarse por teléfono
- I coudn't get through (to him). The line was engaged all the time.
35. Get up: levantarse, ponerse en pie
- What time did you get up this morning?
36. Give away: regalar
- My aunt has given her old clothes away (to the poor).
37. Give back: devolver
- Having finished reading the book I gave it back to the library.
38. Give out: repartir
- The teacher gave out the exam papers to the students.
39. Give up: dejar de (fumar, beber...), ceder, rendirse
- I tried to give up smoking, but without success.
40. Go ahead: continuar, seguir (adelante)
- May I use your telephone? - Please go ahead.
- We have decided not to go ahead with the project, after all.
41. Go away: irse, salir de la ciudad
- Are you goig away for Christmas?
42. Go by: pasar, transcurrir
- As the months went by he got accostumed to the daily routine.
43. Go on: durar, continuar
- It looks as though this war will go on forever.
44. Go through: Sufrir, resistir
- No one knows what I went through while I was waiting for the verdict.
45. Go through: examinar, revisar, inspeccionar
- Let's go through the details of the plan once more.
46. Grow up: hacerse adulto, educar
- What are you going to do when you grow up?
47. Hang on: esperar
- Just hang on a second while I do up my dress.
48. Hold on: esperar
- If you hold on a moment, madam, I'll go and see if Mr Jones is free.
49. Keep off: no dejar acercarse
- "Keep off the grass" (sign displayed in public parks).
50. Keep on: seguir, insistir en
- Why do you have to keep on bothering me?
51. Keep out: No permitir entrar, pasar
- "Private. Keep out" (notice on the door).
52. Let down: fallar a uno
- I'll do everything I can to help you. I won't let you down.
53. Let in: dejar entrar, hacer pasar
- She opened the door and let the cat in.
54. Look after: cuidar de
- The nurse looks after the children when we go away.
55. Look for: buscar
- what do you look for in a woman?
56. Look forward to: estar deseando (con gerundio)
- We are looking forward to going back to Spain.
57. Look out: (imperative) ten cuidado, ojo
- Look out! You nearly ran over that child.
58. Make up: maquillarse
- It takes my wife ages to make up her face.
59. Make up: inventarse
- I'm not very good at making up excuses, I'm afraid.
60. Make up (con MIND): decidirse
- My mind is made up. I am not going on that trip.
61. Mix up: confundir
- He mixed up the addresses so that no one got the right letter.
62. Pick up: recoger algo
- She scatters newspapers all over the floor and I have to pick them up.
63. Pick up: recoger a alguien (con el coche)
- I'll pick you up at six.
64. Point out: indicar, mostrar
- The guide pointed out the most important buildings in the city.
65. Put away: poner algo en su sitio
- Don't leave your things about, put them away.
66. Put on: ponerse la ropa Take off: quitarse la ropa
- Take off that dirty shirt and put on a clean one.
67. Turn on: encender la luz Turn off: apagar (= put on /put off)
- She put on the radio to listen to the news.
68. Turn up: subir el volumen Turn down: bajar el volumen
- Don't forget to turn down the gas when the water boils.
69. Put up: alojar
- Can you put me up for the night?
70. Talk over: discutir, comentar con alguien.
- Talk it over with your wife and give me your answer tomorrow.
71. Think over: considerar, reflexionar sobre
- Please, think this matter over and let me know your answer soon.
72. Throw away: tirar, desechar
- We should throw away this table and buy a new one.
73. Try on: probarse una prenda de ropa.
- I like this dress, could I try it on?
74. Try out: comprobar
- We won´t know how the plan works till we have tried it out.
75. Turn into: convertir
- I am going to turn my garage into a playroom for the children.
76. Turn out: resultar ser
- He turned out to be a thoroughly dishonest person.
77. Turn over: volcar (vehículos), darse la vuelta (personas).
- The car struck the wall and turned over.
- When his alarm went off he just turned over and went to sleep again.
78. Turn up: llegar, asistir
- I waited for him for nearly one hour but he didn't turn up.
IDIOMS
1. To be about to: estar a punto de
-They are about to come.
2. All over the world: por todo el mundo
-You find such people all over the world.
3. Come what may: pase lo que pase
- I'll go this weekend come what may.
4. To do: ser suficiente, servir (future, conditional)
- That'll do, thank you.
5. I'll do my best: haré todo lo posible
6. Let's face it: reconozcámoslo
- Let's face it, we're ruined.
7. It isn't my fault: no es culpa mía
- It isn't my fault that the bus didn't come, so I was late.
8. To feel like (gerund): apetecer
- I feel like swimming
9. First things first: cada cosa a su tiempo
10. I haven't the foggiest idea: no tengo ni la más remota idea.
- I haven't the foggiest idea what this means.
11. To get in touch with: ponerse en contacto con
- Can you tell me how to get in touch with him?
12. To get rid of: librarse de
- Let's get rid of that dog.
13. For goodness' sake: Por lo que más quieras
- For goodness' sake, stop talking!
14. On the other hand: por otra parte
- On the other hand there are things that you should consider
15. To have a good time: pasárselo bien
- We had a very good time at the disco
16. To have to do with: tener que ver con
- It has nothing to do with me
17. By heart: de memoria
- He learnt his lesson by heart
18. To be in a hurry: tener prisa
- Are you in a hurry?
19. The last but one: el penúltimo
20. To leave alone: dejar en paz
- Leave me alone
21. To manage to: arreglárselas
- He managed to get there in time.
22. What's the matter?= What's up?= What's wrong?: ¿qué pasa?
23. Mind your own business: métete en tus asuntos
24. To be... missing: faltar
- There are three books missing from this shelf.
25. Nothing doing: no hay nada que hacer
26. On foot: a pie
27. Once and for all: de una vez por todas
- I'll tell you once and for all, stop bothering me
28. To put something down to: atribuir a
- I put it down to lack of information
29. To see somebody off: despedir al que se va de viaje
- He went to the station to see her off
30. To take it easy: Tomárselo con calma
- Take it easy my friend, there's nothing to worry about
31. To take one's time: tomarse el tiempo necesario
- Take your time there's no hurry.
32. Not to think much of: no tener muy buena opinión de
- They don't think much of him as a writer
33. In time: a tiempo
- Are you still in time?
34. On time: puntual
- He likes to be on time.
35. To be in the way: estar estorbando
- You are in the way.
36. In a way: en cierto modo
- That's also yours in a way.
37. To be well off: estar acomodado, tener mucho dinero
- They're quite well off Sinónimo= Wealthy, rich
38. In a word: En una palabra
- In a word, my answer is no.
39. If the wost comes to the worst: en el peor de los casos
- If the worst comes to the worst we'll always have your flat
40. You are driving me mad: me estás volviendo loco
41. How is it going?= How are things?:= How are you doing?(USA): ¿qué tal?
42. Let alone: Y no digamos, y mucho menos
- He can't ride a bike, let alone a motorbike.
43. Over and over again: Una y otra vez
- I've told you over and over again not to be late
44. To vanish into thin air: desaparecer
- He just vanished into thin air.
45. To change one's mind: cambiar de opinión
- I may have said that yesterday but I've changed my mind.
46. Day in and day out: todos los dias
- He went to school day in and day out but seemed to learn very little.
47. It doesn't make any difference: es igual
- It really doesn't make any difference to me wheter you go or not.
48. To come to the point: ir al grano
- I'll come to the point, when are you going to pay us?
49. I think so, I hope so, I suppose so... : Creo que sí...
50. To have a go at: Intentarlo, probar
- Have a go at it yourself.
51. Last but not least: por último pero no por eso menos importante.
52. It's a must: Es obligado, no te lo pierdas
- If you come to London, visit the National Gallery, it's a must.
53. Every now and then: de vez en cuando
- He comes to see us every now and then.
54. On second thoughts: pensándolo bien
- On second thoughts, I'd rather stay at home.
55. At random: al azar
- He chose ten men at random.
56. Two days (etc) running: dos dias (etc) seguidos
- This week I have to play basketball two days running
57. It's the last straw...(that breaks the camel's back): lo que faltaba, la gota que colma el vaso.
- He didn't come yesterday either. Really, it's the last straw.
58. Time is money: el tiempo es oro
59. The trouble is: lo malo es que
- The trouble is that I haven't got any either.
60. This way, please: por aquí, por favor
61. The other way round: Al revés, todo lo contrario
- So, you've got two and they haven't got any? - No, it's the other way round.
62. To come in handy: venir muy bien
- That money will come in handy one day.
63. To jump to conclusions: Sacar una conclusión precipitada
- Don't jump to conclusions, please.
64. To make up one's mind: decidirse
- Have you made up your mind yet?
65. Any minute now: en cualquier momento.
- They will arrive any minute now.
66. You asked for it: tú te lo has buscado.
67. As busy as a bee: muy ocupado.
68. Stop bossing me about: deja de darme órdenes.
69. By all means = of course: por supuesto.
- May I borrow your ladder? - By all means.
70. By myself = on my own: solo.
- She likes to be by herself.
71. To cap it all: para colmo.
- And to cap it all, I got a fine too.
72. Cheer up: anímate.
- Cheer up, everything will be all right.
73. Her dreams have come true: sus dueños se han cumplido.
74. That was a crying shame: eso fue una vergüenza.
75. One must know where to draw the line: uno debe saber dónde poner los límites.
76. What on earth are you talking about?: ¿de qué demonios estás hablando?
77. He fell for it: se lo creyó.
78. Things were going too far, so I had to put my foot down: tuve que plantarme.
79. You'll get into trouble: te meterás en líos.
80. They get on very well: se llevan muy bien.
81. Two heads are better than one: dos mejor que uno.
82. I´ll do ir right away: lo haré ahora mismo.
83. It's no laughing matter: no es cosa de risa.
84. Leave me alone: déjame en paz.
85. I'm looking forward to seeing her: Estoy deseando verla.
86. Make yourself at home: considérate en tu casa.
87. To make the most of something: sacarle máximo provecho a algo
- She knows how to make the most of her good looks: Sabe sacarle partido a su belleza.
88. As a matter of fact: en realidad.
89. She understood me at once: me entendió enseguida.
90. I'm sure they can put you up for the night: Seguro que os pueden hospedar esta noche.
IRREGULAR VERBS
be was/were been ser, estar
bear bore borne llevar, soportar
born (to be born: nacer)
beat beat beaten batir, golpear, latir
become became become llegar a ser, hacerse
begin began begun empezar
bend bent bent doblar
bet bet bet apostar
bite bit bit/bitten morder
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
breed bred bred criar, educar
bring brought brought traer
build built built edificar
burn burnt burnt arder, quemar
burst burst burst estallar
buy bought bought comprar
catch caught caught atrapar
choose chose chosen escoger
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
creep crept crept arrastrarse
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt tratar
dig dug dug cavar
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn dibujar, tirar
dream dreamt dreamt soñar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought luchar
find found found encontrar
flee fled fled huir
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
freeze froze frozen helar
get got got/gotten conseguir
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
grow grew grown crecer, cultivar
hang hung hung colgar
have had had tener
hear heard heard oir
hide hid hid/hidden esconder
hit hit hit golpear
hold held held sostener
hurt hurt hurt hacer daño, doler
keep kept kept guardar
kneel knelt knelt arrodillarse
know knew known saber, conocer
lay laid laid poner (la mesa...)
lead led led guiar
leap leapt leapt saltar
learn learnt learnt aprender
leave left left dejar, salir
lend lent lent prestar
let let let permitir
lie lay lain yacer, tenderse
light lit lit encender
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer
mean meant meant querer decir
meet met met encontrarse con
put put put poner
pay paid paid pagar
quit quit quit dejar, irse
read read read leer
ride rode ridden montar
ring rang rung tocar el timbre
rise rose risen levantarse, surgir
run ran run correr, dirigir
saw sawed sawn serrar
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar, registrar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set establecer
shake shook shaken sacudir, agitar
shine shone shone brillar
shoot shot shot disparar
show showed shown mostrar
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir
sit sat sat sentarse
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid deslizarse, resbalar
smell smelt smelt oler
speak spoke spoken hablar
speed sped sped acelerar
spell spelt spelt deletrear
spend spent spent gastar
spill spilt spilt derramar
spit spat spat escupir
split split split partir
spoil spoilt spoilt estropear, mimar
spread spread spread esparcir
spring sprang sprung brotar, saltar
stand stood stood estar de pie
steal stole stolen robar
stick stuck stuck pegar, adherirse
sting stung stung picar
stink stank stunk apestar
strike struck struck golpear
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung balancearse
take took taken coger, llevar
teach taught taught enseñar
tear tore torn rasgar
tell told told decir, contar
think thought thought pensar, creer
throw threw thrown tirar, arrojar
thrust thrust thrust meter, empujar
understand understood understood comprender
wake woke woken despertar
wear wore worn llevar puesto
weep wept wept sollozar
win won won ganar
write wrote written escribir
1. TIPOS DE PREGUNTAS
1.PREGUNTAS DE COMPRENSIÓN DEL TEXTO:
Utiliza en tus respuestas expresiones como:
-According to the text..., The text says that..., The text mentions..., The text states that...
2. PREGUNTAS HIPOTÉTICAS:
En las que se supone que debes emplear oraciones condicionales.
- Ejemplo: Where would you like to spend your next few years? I would like to...
3. PREGUNTAS QUE SOLICITAN TU OPINIÓN:
- Ejemplo: What do you think of...? Do you believe...?
Al responder utiliza expresiones como: I think that..., Well, personally, I feel..., I believe..., In my opinion..., From my point of
view..., etc.
4. EJERCICIOS MORFOSINTÁCTICOS:
Deberás demostrar tus conocimientos completando frases, formulando preguntas a respuestas dadas, uniendo oraciones mediante
pronombres relativos o conjunciones, transformando oraciones activas en pasivas, cambiando frases afirmativas en negativas o
interrogativas, reescribiendo en estilo indirecto, poniendo el verbo en infinitivo en su tiempo verbal correspondiente atendiendo al
contexto de la frase, etC.
5. EJERCICIOS DE VOCABULARIO:
Deberás emparejar sinónimos, buscar antónimos, explicar en inglés el significado de varias palabras, usar una misma palabra en dos
frases con significados distintos, derivar palabras de una misma raíz, etc.
6. EJERCICIOS DE PRONUNCIACIÓN:
Su finalidad es comprobar tu conocimiento de la pronunciación de ciertas palabras aparecidas en el texto.
-Ejemplo: Buscar palabras con el mismo sonido vocálico que ea en least.
7. RESÚMENES DEL CONTENIDO DEL TEXTO:
1- Lee el texto y extrae el tema general de que trata.
2- Extrae las ideas fundamentales de cada párrafo. Una vez identificadas, trata de reescribirlas con tus propias palabras.
3- Piensa en el tipo de relación sintáctica que puede establecerse entre estas ideas:
-relación aditiva, -relación alternativa, -relación contrastiva, -relación de causa y efecto,
-relación de ordenación cronológica o lógica.
4- Puedes introducir tu resumen diciendo:
- The text is about..., This is the story of..., The text deals with...
Cuando estés resumiendo el punto de vista del autor puedes iniciar tu resumen:
- The author states/ suggests/ criticizes/ explains/ points out...
5- Presta especial atención a la coherencia entre los tiempos verbales empleados. Si escribes sobre algo que sucedió en el pasado
raramente podrás emplear tiempos de presente. Sin embargo, en el caso de introducir una opinión o comentario personal dentro de la
historia, éstos podrán expresarse en presente.
Ejemplo: Primary school was a mixture of rules and games. I remember that we had to queue to go into class and we had to ask
permission for everything...Some of our teachers were strict but in general they were friendly.... On the whole I have very good
memories of my school days and of the people I worked with.
6. Lee de nuevo tu resumen y corrige posibles errores.
8. REDACCIONES:
1- Lee detenidamente el título de la redacción. Fíjate en el tiempo verbal si lo hubiere. Cerciorate sobre si debes escribir sobre algo ya
ocurrido (tiempos de pasado), rutinas diarias (formas de presente), predicciones (tiempos de futuro) o situaciones hipotéticas
(condicionales).
2- Haz un listado mental de las ideas que quieres tratar. Si no se te ocurre nada, hazte preguntas básicas para describir cualquier
suceso: Who, When, Where, What, How, Why...
- W&A: -Who, When, Where, Weather, What is he/she doing, What happens next...
3- Planifica el vocabulario que vas a emplear. Evita expresiones inglesas de las que no estés muy seguro, y, sobretodo no te inventes
palabras. No es nada aconsejable que traduzcas del castellano. Intenta recordar frases hechas y expresiones aprendidas que puedan
ser empleadas en ese contexto.
4- Tipos de redacciones que pueden salir: - Descriptivas - Narrativas - Argumentativas - Cartas.
5- Organiza tus ideas en dos o tres párrafos.:
- En narraciones: 1- descripción del entorno espacial y temporal de la historia
2- secuencia de acontecimientos
3- final sorprendente
- En redacciones argumentativas:
1- introducción del tema de forma general
2- concretar el tema con ejemplos que sostengan tus argumentos
3- opinión personal y preguntas sobre la validez de los argumentos empleados por otros.
6. Piensa en las partículas y conectores más apropiados para unir tus frases.
7. Procura pensar cuidadosamente cada frase antes de escribirla.
8. Evita repetirte demasiado, ve al grano. No escribas frases demasiado largas con múltiples oraciones subordinadas.
9. Dedica unos minutos a repasar lo escrito. Presta atención a los tiempos verbales que has empleado, la presencia del sujeto, la posición
del adverbio y de los adjetivos...etc.
2. CONTENIDOS GRAMATICALES
1. FORMULACIÓN DE PREGUNTAS:
1. Orden de los elementos:
- Partícula interrogativa Wh-
- Verbo auxiliar
- Sujeto
- Verbo principal
- Objetos
- Complementos circunstanciales
- signo de interrogación ?
Ejemplo: where have you put the books from the library?
* En el present y el past : auxiliar do/does y did. En estos casos el verbo principal: infinitive sin to
Ejemplo: Did they know what to do?
* Si el pronombre interrogativo es el sujeto de la oración: no se utilizará el auxiliar do.
Ejemplos: - Who took the book away?
- What makes you think that way?
2. Pronombres y partículas interrogativas:
- Who? ¿Quién? - Who sings in the bath every morning?
- Whom? ¿A quién? - Whom did you meet? (Se usa muy poco en la actualidad)
- Whose? ¿De quién? - Whose book is this?
- What? ¿Qué? - What is this?
- Which? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? - Which book do you want?
- How? ¿Cómo? - How do you get to school?
- Where? ¿Dónde? - Where is the Post Office?
- When ¿Cuándo? - When do you get up?
- Why? ¿Por qué? - Why did you come?
- What about? (Sugerencias) - What about you? - What about going to the cinema?
- What ... like? ¿Cómo? - What's your brother like?
- What time? ¿A qué hora? - What time does the disco open?
- How far? ¿A qué distancia? - How far is your house from school?
- How long? ¿Cuánto tiempo? - How long have you studied English?
- How often? ¿Con qué frecuencia? - How often do you go to a concert?
- How old? ¿Qué edad? - How old is your grandmother?
- How high? ¿Qué altura? - How high is The Eiffel Tower?
- How many? ¿Cuántos/as? - How many friends have you got?
- How much? ¿Cuánto? - How much coffee do you want?
2. SUBJUNTIVO:
1. Diferencias con el indicativo:
- En el present, la 3ª persona sing. se pone en infinitive sin to.
Ejemplo: It is necessary that he remain here.
- En el past, el verbo to be usa la forma were para todas las personas.
Ejemplo: Just suppose the child were yours!
2. Usos del subjuntivo:
- Let's be friends. ....................................................... Seamos amigos.
- Tell him to come. ..................................................... Dile que venga.
- Don't do it. ............................................................... No lo hagas.
- Come what may, I'll help you. .................................. Pase lo que pase, te ayudaré.
- Whoever wins, The result will be the same. ............. Gane quien gane, el resultado será el mismo.
- Whether you like it or not, I'm going right now. ........ Lo quieras o no, me voy en seguida.
- I wish she were here. ............................................... Ojalá estuviese aquí.
- It is time she were here. ........................................... Ya es hora de que estuviese aquí.
- I wish I could go. ....................................................... Ojalá pudiese ir.
- I wish she hadn't left. ................................................ Ojalá no se hubiese ido ella.
- I wish it would stop raining soon. ............................... Ojalá dejase de llover pronto.
- If only I knew it. ......................................................... Ojalá lo supiese.
- If only I had known. ................................................... Ojalá lo hubiese sabido.
- You had better ring me later. .................................... Es mejor que me llames más tarde.
- It is possible that he will come. ................................... Es posible que venga.
- It may rain tomorrow. ................................................ Quizás llueva mañana.
- They might come later. .............................................. Tal vez vengan más tarde.
- They didn't want him to drive the car. ........................ No querían que el condujese el coche.
- They asked him not to drive the car. ......................... Le pidieron que no condujese el coche.
- Excuse my ringing so late last night. .......................... Perdona que te llamase tan tarde anoche.
- He denied his having taken the money. ..................... Negó que se hubiese llevado el dinero.
- If he were here, you wouldn't say that. ....................... Si é estuviese aquí, no lo dirías.
- If we had time, we'd go with you. ................................ Si tuviesemos tiempo, iríamos con vosotros.
- If they had told us, we wouldn't have come. ............... Si nos lo hubiesen dicho, no habríamos venido.
- I left it on the table so that he might find it. ................. Lo dejé sobre la mesa para que pudiera encontrarlo.
- She brought some documents for me to sign. ........... Trajo unos documentos para que los firmara.
3. LA PASIVA:
1. Cuándo y para qué se usa:
- Realzar la importancia del objeto de una oración activa.
Ejemplo: His daughter was run over by a motorbike.
- Se desconoce el sujeto de la acción o es obvio.
Ejemplo: His uncle was killed in the Civil War.
2. La transformación en pasiva:
- El complemento directo de la oración activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva.
- Si existe complemento indirecto en la oración activa, es éste el que pasa a ser sujeto pasivo.
- La forma pasiva se forma conjugando el verbo to be en el tiempo verbal del verbo activo, seguido del participio pasado del verbo
activo.
- El sujeto de la activa pasa a ser agente precedido de la prep. by ( en algunos casos precedido de with). En la mayoría de las frases
pasivas no se menciona el sujeto activo.
Ejemplos: - The police arrested TWO HUNDRED PEOPLE.
- TWO HUNDRED PEOPLE were arrested by the police.
- Someone has given HIM a lot of money.
- HE has been given a lot of money by someone.
* En ocasiones también se emplea get.
- Things are getting sorted out.
- I´ll soon get dressed.
4. EL ESTILO INDIRECTO:
1. Cuando el verbo principal de la frase está en past, el tiempo verbal de la frase indirecta cambiará así:
present simple D past simple
present continuous D past continuous
present perfect Dpast perfect
is going to Dwas going to
must Dhad to
can Dcould
past simple Dpast perfect
past continuous Dpast perfect continuous
will Dwould
shall Dshould
imperative D infinitive
Ejemplos: - "I must go" D He said he had to go.
- "I haven´t seen anybody" D She said she hadn´t seen anybody.
- "I´ll talk to Mr Jones" D He said he would talk to Mr Jones.
* Algunos tiempos verbales no cambian:
Would Dwould, could Dcould, might Dmight, should Dshould
* Se puede poner u omitir that detrás del verbo principal: - He said he wasn´t going
- He said that he wasn´t going.
2. Además de los tiempos verbales hay otras palabras que también deben cambiar en la frase indirecta:
tomorrow D the next day / the following day
yesterday D The day before
here D there
this / that D the
this morning D that morning
today D that day
tonight D that night
next / on Tuesday D the following Tuesday
last Tuesday D the previous Tuesday
the day after tomorrow Din two days´ time
ago D before / previously
* También cambian los pronombres personales y los adjetivos y pronombres posesivos. No se pueden dar reglas para estos cambios;
fíjate en el sujeto del verbo introductorio y aplica tu sentido común para determinar las nuevas relaciones entre las personas
mencionadas.
* También algunos verbos cambian: come Dgo, bringDtake.
3. PREGUNTAS INDIRECTAS:
- Las preguntas indirectas cambian el orden de la pregunta original además de los cambios verbales:
Ejemplos: - What is the time? D She asked what time it was.
- How is your mother? D He asked me how my mother was.
- Se usa if o whether cuando la pregunta no contiene ninguna particula interrogativa Wh-:
Ejemplo: - Did you see the film? D She asked whether I had seen the film
4. IMPERATIVOS INDIRECTOS:
- Los mandatos indirectos usan un complemento indirecto y un infinitivo:
Ejemplos: - Stop D He told them to stop.
- Don´t go D He told me not to go.
- Existe una diferencia entre las ofertas indirectas y las peticiones indirectas:
a) oferta: "Would you like a cigarette?" D He asked if I would like a cigarette.
b) petición: "Would you pass me a cigarette? D He asked me to pass him a cigarette.
5. VERBOS QUE RESUMEN FRASES:
No es siempre necesario pasar al estilo indirecto todas las palabras de las frases directas: algunos verbos se utilizan para resumir ciertas
frases.
Ejemplos: - "Oh dear", she said, "I´m terribly sorry I´m late".
D She apologized for being late.
- "I know a good restaurant. Why don´t we go there?
D He suggested that we should go to a restaurant.
- Verbos que rigen infinitive:
advise, invite, offer, promise, refuse, remind, warn
- Verbos que rigen gerund:
apologize for, insist on, suggest
- Verbos seguidos de indirect speech:
agree, announce, boast, claim, concede..... that...
Ejemplo: "We´re going to get married in June", she said.
D She announced that they were going to get married in June.
5. ORACIONES DE RELATIVO:
1. ORACIONES DE RELATIVO CON WHO, THAT Y WHICH:
Mira esta frase: - The man gave me some money.
Si queremos describir al hombre, podemos usar un adjetivo (old, thin, young, etc):
- The old man gave me some money.
Sin embargo, a veces la información que queremos dar es más complicada.
- The old man met me at the airport. He gave me some money.
Las dos frases pueden combinarse para mostrarme qué viejo me dio el dinero:
- The old man who met me at the airport gave me some money.
who met me at the airport es una frase (pequeña dentro de otra mayor) que se llama oración de relativo.
FORMA: Son oraciones que suelen comenzar por who (personas), that (personas o cosas), o which (cosas), y se colocan
inmediatamente después del nombre al que describen:
-I was talking to a person who had worked with my father.
- The machine that I wanted to buy was too expensive.
* Who, that, y which sustituyen al pronombre:
- This is the man who I met in Paris. y NO: - This is the man who I met him in Paris.
2. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES, y NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES:
-Las oraciones especificativas o defining clauses definen o especifican el nombre de la oración principal al que se refieren:
- "I saw that man again"
- "Which man?"
- "The man who wants to buy my house".
* who wants to buy my house es un ejemplo de defining clause.
- Las oraciones explicativas o non-defining clauses dan una información no imprescindible. Van entre comas:
- "A man, who said he knew my father, asked me for money".
* who said he knew my father es un hecho importante pero es una información extra más que esencial.
- “The house, which they bought three months ago, looks lovely.
* No se puede omitir el pronombre relativo (which).
-La diferencia entre Defining y Non-defining clauses es importante porque pueden cambiar el significado de una frase:
- (defining): I have two sisters who are living in New York at the moment. (sólo dos viven en New York).
- (non-defining): I have two sisters, who are living in New York at the moment. (tengo sólo dos hermanas).
3. ORACIONES DE RELATIVO SUJETO Y OBJETO:
El nombre que se describe en la oración de relativo puede ser sujeto u objeto de la oración de relativo:
- The man who normally works here is ill.
Oración principal: The man is ill.
Oración relativa: Who normally works here. (he normally works here).
* Aquí el relativo Who es el sujeto de la oración relativa: es una subject relative clause.
- The man who you saw yesterday is ill.
Oración principal: The man is ill.
Oración relativa: Who you saw yesterday. (you saw him yesterday).
* Aquí el relativo Who es el objeto de la oración de relativo: es una object relative clause.
En este tipo de oraciónes de relativo, object relative clauses, si son defining, los relativos who, that, which no son necesarios y
se suelen suprimir:
Ejemplos: -She´s the person who I met at the conference. D She´s the person I met at the conference.
- Have you seen the dress that I´ve just bought? D Have you seen the dress I´ve just bought?
* Esto no puede hacerse con subject relative clauses:
- The man who was feeling ill left early
NO SE PUEDE DECIR: - The man was feeling ill left early.
4. WHOSE (= cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas):
Se usa para indicar posesión:
- There´s the man. His wallet was stolen D There´s the man whose wallet was stolen.
* No hay que confundirlo con who´s que es la contracción de who is, y de who has.
5. WHICH REFIRIÉNDOSE A FRASES ENTERAS:
- His dog turned on the television. I thought it was rather surprising.
- His dog turned on the televsion, which I thought it was rather surprising.
6. WHERE, WHEN Y WHY EN ORACIONES RELATIVAS:
- Where y when introducen oraciones relativas de lugar y tiempo:
Ejemplos: - We visited the town where I was born. (defining).
- I bought them at the supermarket, where I met Mrs Butler. (non-defining).
- I think that was the time when I lost all my money. (defining).
- I saw the film last year, when I was in Paris. (non-defining).
- Why, seguida de that's, a reason, o the reason (por lo que) suele introducir una defining clause.
Ejemplo: - There must be a reason why you said that.
6. ORACIONES CONDICIONALES:
1. Hay tres tipos de oraciones condicionales:
-1º: POSIBLE: If + present............. future / present / imperative
-2º: IMPROBABLE: If + past................... conditional / could , might + infinitive
-3º: IMPOSIBLE: If + past perfect...... conditional perfect / could, might + perfect infinitive
Ejemplos: - If you come at ten, we´ll be ready.
- if you press this button, the machine switches off.
- If you hear the alarm, get out as fast as you can.
- If I lived by the sea, I would do a lot of swimming.
- If they asked me to work for them, I might accept.
- If I had worked harder, I would have passed the exam.
- If you had asked me for tickets, I could have got you some.
2. OTRAS PALABRAS ADEMÁS DE IF:
a) Unless = if not, (a menos que, a no ser que):
- I´ll go home soon if the film doesn´t start D I´ll go home soon unless the film starts.
b) Provided that, on condition that, as long as = if and only if. ( siempre que, suponiendo que, con tal de que...)
- Provided that everybody agrees, we´ll have the meeting on Tuesday.
c) Supposing that, imagine, just suppose
- Just suppose it didn´t rain for four months, would we have enough water?
* Existe una construcción especial en la que se invierte el orden y desaparece la conjunción if:
- Had I known, I wouldn´t have come. = Si lo hubiese sabido, no habría venido.
7. MODALS:
- Los modales son verbos que suelen dar significados especiales a verbos principales:
- Hay doce verbos modales: can, shall, must, could, should, ought to, may, will, need (to), might, would, dare.
1. CAN, COULD:
- CAN: know how to, be able to, be allowed to. - I can swim.
- Mary can speak Frech.
- You can sit here.
- My mother says I can´t go out tonight.
- COULD: past of can, used in second conditional. - I´m sorry I couldn´t come yesterday
- If you gave me the money, I could do the shopping.
* can y could se pueden usar en "requests". Could es más formal: - Can I have a glass of water, please?
- Could you open the door for me, please?
* be able to se usa en lugar de can en todos los tiempos verbales, ya que can se usa sólo en presente o en su pasado could.
2. MUST, HAVE TO:
- Must y have to tienen el mismo significado en la afirmativa: - You must leave. ( = you can't stay)
- You have to leave. ( = you can't stay)
- Must y have to tienen distinto significado en negativa: - You mustn´t leave. ( = obligation. You can't go)
- You don´t have to leave. ( = no obligation. You can go or stay).
* have to no es un verbo modal aunque se usa en lugar de must en todos los tiempos, con el significado de must.
* have to forma su negativa e interrogativa como cualquier verbo principal.
3. SHOULD, OUGHT TO: No significan obligación sino consejo. Se pueden traducir por "deberías".
4. MAY Y MIGHT: Indican una posibilidad presente o futura. - He may arrive soon. Él puede llegar pronto.
- He might arrive soon. Él podría llegar pronto.
* May I y may we se usan en inglés formal en lugar de can I y can we con el significado de pedir permiso.
5. NEED + INFINITIVE:
- Afirmativa: I need to practise my English.
- negativa: a) don't need to se usa cuando la situación no requiere que algo se haga:
- you don´t need to have a visa to go to France from Britain.
b) needn't se usa cuando el que habla da permiso para que algo no se haga:
- Teacher to students: You needn´t do any homework tonight.
- interrogativa: a) Do I need to apply for a visa?
b) Need I do any homework this weekend?
* Need puede usarse también como verbo principal: I need some petrol. Do you need anything else?
* Need + GERUND se usa con el mismo significado que una construcción pasiva:
- My car needs cleaning. ( = my car needs to be cleaned)
- Your hair needs washing. ( = your hair needs to be washed).
* NEED IN THE PAST:
- Afirmativa: - I needed something to eat
- I needed to rest for a few minutes.
- The house needed painting.
- Negativa: a) didn't need to + INFINITIVE:
- I didn´t need to get up early yesterday.( = it wasn't necessary, so I didn't).
b) needn't have + PAST PARTICIPLE:
- I needn´t have got up early yesterday.( = it wasn't necessary, but I did it, and now I realize it wasn't necessary).
= no necesitaba haberme levantado.
8. GERUNDIOS E INFINITIVOS:
- El GERUNDIO a veces se usa como nombre: - Smoking is bad for you - She's good at swimming.
* Nota algunos cambios necesarios: - lieDlying - takeDtaking - sitDsitting
- Un verbo DESPUÉS DE PREPOSICIÓN D va siempre en GERUNDIO: - After closing the door...
- Algunos verbos suelen ir seguidos por gerundio:
- like - love - start - stop - enjoy - miss
- dislike - hate - begin - finish - prefer - give up
- Otros verbos menos usados que también rigen gerundio son:
detest, prevent, avoid, risk, admit, deny, delay, postpone, fancy, imagine, forgive, pardon, excuse,
suggest, keep, understand, mind, consider, miss, involve, can't stand, can't help, it's no use/ no good.
- El INFINITIVO, precedido de la preposición to se usa para expresar FINALIDAD:
- I came here to see you. - I went to London to study English. - I drove to the airport to meet my parents.
- Los verbos más frecuentes que suelen ir seguidos de to + infinitive son:
learn, remember, forget, promise, swear, agree, refuse, regret, try, fail, hope, hesitate, prepare, decide,
determine, manage, arrange, seem, want...
- Se usa to + infinitive después de ciertos adjetivos o de ciertos nombres o pronombres:
- I´m SURPRISED to hear you say that. - I´ve got some HOMEWORK to do.
- Se usa infinitivo sin la preposición to detrás de los verbos siguientes: - shall, will, can, could, must,
- después de make y let + nombre/ pronombre: - We let THEM go home.
- después de verbos de "seeing, hearing, & feeling" + nombre/ pronombre: - I saw HIM arrive
9. VERY COMMON MISTAKES
1. PALABRAS DE USO FRECUENTE:
- think (pensar)
- thing (cosa)
- which y NO wich
- with y NO whit
- cannot o can't y NO can not
- the y NO de
- practice (nombre) * Los verbos suelen terminar en -ise o -ize, y los sustantivos en -ice.
- practise (verbo) * Excepción: surprise se escribe igual el verbo y el sustantivo.
2. DUPLICACIÓN DE LA CONSONANTE AL AÑADIR SUFIJOS:
Palabras monosílabas terminadas en una consonante precedida de una sola vocal, duplican la consonante ante un sufijo:
Ejemplos:
- big D bigger, biggest - plan D planned - stop D stopping
* No duplican la consonante final las palabras que no reunan las condiciones anteriores:
Ejemplos:
- open D opening - lateD later - read D reading - bring D bringing.
Las palabras de más de una sílaba duplicarán la consonante final sólo si se acentúa su última sílaba:
Ejemplos:
- begin D beginning - refer D referring
En inglés británico se dobla la -L final siempre, aunque la palabra no sea aguda. En inglés americano nunca se dobla:
-travel D travelled....... o...... traveled.
3. CAMBIO DE -Y POR -I AL AÑADIR UN SUFIJO:
Se sustituye la -y al final de palabra por -i sólo si la -y va precedida de consonante:
ejemplos
- lady D ladies - heavy D heavier, heaviest - fly Dflies
- try D tried - happy D happiness - easy D easily
Sin embargo se conserva la -y final si va precedida de vocal:
Ejemplos:
- day D days - boy Dboys - lay D lays - play D played
4. PALABRAS QUE DEBEN ESCRIBIRSE CON MAYÚSCULAS:
- Las que inicien una frase.
- Los días de la semana, y los meses del año.
- Los adjetivos de nacionalidad: American, Spanish. Chinese...
5. POSICIÓN DE LOS ELEMENTOS DE LA FRASE:
En inglés el orden de los elementos de una frase es mucho más estricto que en castellano.
1- FRASES AFIRMATIVAS: sujeto + auxiliar + verbo principal + objeto indirecto + objeto directo + circunstanciales...
* Los circunstanciales: 1º modo, 2º lugar, 3º tiempo. El circunstancial de tiempo puede también aparecer al principio de la frase.
2- FRASES NEGATIVAS: NOT aparecerá siempre detrás del primer verbo auxiliar. Para la forma negativa del presente y del pasado
se emplean las formas correspondientes del auxiliar do.
Ejemplo: Bruce has lived in New York D Bruce has not lived in New York.
3- FRASES INTERROGATIVAS: Se forman invirtiendo el orden entre el sujeto y el primer verbo auxiliar. En el presente y el pasado
simple se emplearán las formas correspomdientes del auxiliar do, does o did, y el verbo principal se pondrá en infinitivo sin to.
Ejemplos:
Jane can speak four languagesD Can Jane speak four languages?
Neil dances very wellD Does Neil dance very well?
Ian phoned me last nightD Did Ian phone me last night?
* Si la pregunta es indirecta se deberá emplear el mismo orden que en las afirmativas. Es decir, el sujeto debe preceder al verbo.
Ejemplo: They asked us if we had gone to Paul´s party.
4- POSICIÓN DEL ADJETIVO: El adjetivo (siempre en singular) aparece siempre delante del sustantivo.
* Si hay más de un adjetivo:
- Los adjetivos descriptivos aparecerán antes que los restrictivos. Ej: A naughty little girl. A beautiful Italian car.
- Los sustantivos adjetivados preceden al sustantivo al que califican, y los otros adjetivos irán delante. Ej: The blue April sky.
- Orden: adjetivos de número, tamaño, forma, color, material, nacionalidad... + nombre.
5. ADVERBIOS DE POSICIÓN INTERMEDIA: Entre el sujeto y el verbo, o después del primer verbo auxiliar, si lo hay.
- Adverbios de frecuencia: Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never... y otros como just, only, already.
6. AUSENCIA DE SUJETO: En inglés siempre debe aparecer el sujeto precediendo al verbo. Sin embargo, no es necesario repetir el
sujeto en una secuencia de acciones: He went into the kitchen, put on the kettle and made some tea.
- I think it is better... How difficult it is for people...
- But it is very probable... Studying at home it is very boring.
7. DOBLE NEGACIÓN: not ... any = no There is nobody here = There isn´t anybody here.
* La preposición without y los adverbios hardly y never tienen significación negativa.
8. SOME, ANY Y SUS COMPUESTOS:
- somebody - anyboby - nobody - everybody
- someone - anyone - no one - everyone
- something - anything - nothing - everything
- somewhere - anywhere - nowhere - everywhere
9. CREO QUE NO = I don't think so. ESPERO QUE NO = I hope not.... (page 24).
6. CONSTRUCCIONES CON MAKE:
- Para expresar que algo/alguien nos hace hacer otra cosa. Ejemplo: I made him call the police.
- Con los adjetivos clear, easy, sure, para significar: dejar claro, facilitar, asegurarse.
Ejemplos:
- I´d like to make my views clear.
- Mary´s help made things easier.
- You should study hard to make sure that you pass the exam.
7. TRADUCCIÓN DE ME GUSTA, ME ENCANTA, ME DIVIERTE:
En inglés concuerdan la persona que gusta... y el verbo. Es una construcción diferente del castellano.
Ejemplos: - Me gusta el café D I like coffee ( = gusto café)
- Les encantaron tus regalos D They loved your presents.
- Me divirtió la película D I enjoyed the film.
8. CÓMO EXPRESAR EXISTENCIA:
En inglés no se emplea el verbo have sino la construcción there + forma correspondiente de be. Es decir:
- there is there was there will be there would be ...
- there are there were
9. CÓMO EXPRESAR HABITUALIDAD EN PRESENTE Y EN PASADO:
- Para expresar habitualidad en el presente empleamos el present simple con algún adverbio de frecuencia.
- Tan solo en el pasado usamos el verbo modal used to para indicar "solía". En negativa: didn't use to.
* También es posible usar would + infinitive para expresar lo mismo que con used to.
Ejemplos: - He used to smoke too much.
- He usually reads in bed.
- My dog would go wild when I put on my jeans. That meant time for playing.
* No hay que confundir esto con la construcción inglesa to be used to doing something que se usa para expresar familiaridad con
algo. Ejemplo: I am used to working with him and understand his methods.
10. USOS ESPECIALES DEL VERBO TO BE:
- I am 17 years old - you are late - I am in a hurry
- it is very hot - I was hungry - I´m in love with her
- she is very lucky - they were thirsty - ...
11. FINALIDAD:
- Para expresar finalidad se escribe: to + infinitive. Ejemplo: I am studying hard to pass the exam.
- También podemos emplear in order to o so as to + infinitive.
Ejemplo: We wrote this book so as to / in order to help you pass the university entrance exam.
- Emplearemos for + - ing cuando queramos indicar el uso que se da a un objeto.
Ejemplo: A thermometer is used for measuring the temperature of a room or a person´s body.
- "para que + subjuntivo"D so that + oración, usualmente con can.
Ejemplo: Lo he arreglado todo para que vengas con nosotrosD Everything has been arranged so that you can come with us.
12. CONSTRUCCIONES DE INFINITIVO:
- I want to pass the exam - I want you to pass the exam
- I'd like to go to Africa - I'd like you to go to Africa
13. ARTÍCULO INDETERMINADO:
- El artículo a / an es singular. No puede ir con sustantivos plurales.
- También es incorrecto emplear el artículo a / an delante de sustantivos no contables.Ej: I bought this for you with a great love.
- Debemos emplear el artículo indeterminado delante de los nombres de profesiones / oficios. Ej: Margaret is a doctor.
14. AUSENCIA DEL ARTÍCULO:
- No debemos emplear ningún artículo cuando nos refiramos a un sustantivo de forma genérica. Ej: I love chess.
- No debe emplearse el artículo en expresiones de uso común como:
to / at / from... school / university / college
to / in / into / out of... prison / hospital / bed
to / at / from... work
to / in / from... town
* El uso del artículo modifica el significado de estas expresiones:
John went to hospital yesterday D (fue hospitalizado)
I went to the hospital D (fui a visitar a alguien).
15. PLURALES IRREGULARES:
- child Dchildren ox D oxen
- foot D feet goose Dgeese
- man D men tooth Dteeth
- mouse D mice woman Dwomen
- Hay sustantivos que no cambian al formar el plural:
- fish - salmon - trout
- sheep - deer - spacecraft
- Hay sustantivos que son plurales:
- people - cattle
16. PLURAL DE LOS ADJETIVOS:
Los adjetivos en inglés no llevan forma de plural. Los únicos adjetivos que tienen formas distintas en singular y plural son los
demostrativos: - this D these
- that D those
17. PRONOMBRES SUJETO / OBJETO. ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS:
pronombres sujeto pronombres objeto adjetivos posesivos pronombres posesivos reflexivos
I me my... mine myself
you you your... yours yourself
he him his... his himself
she her her... hers herself
it it its... - itself
we us our... ours ourselves
you you your... yours yourselves
they them their... theirs theirselves
18. MUCH Y MANY:
- Much apompaña a sustantivos no contables: There wasn´t much wine in the bottle.
- Many acompaña a sustantivos contables: Were there many people?
- Much y many se utilizan fundamentalmente en frases negativas e interrogativas. En afirmativas: a lot (of), plenty (of).
- Much y many se usa en frases afirmativas después de las palabras: too, so y as. Ej: Too many people were invited.
19. LITTLE Y FEW:
- Se usan para expresar una cantidad pequeña de algo.
- Little determina a sustantivos no contables, y few, a los contables.
- Pueden ir acompañados del artículo a, cambiando su significado:
- There´s little sugar. D poco azúcar (cantidad insuficiente).
- There´s a little sugar on the table. D algo de azúcar (cantidad pequeña).
- He´s got few friends. D pocos amigos.
- He´s got a few friends. D unos cuantos amigos.
20. ANOTHER, OTHER, Y OTHERS:
- No se puede emplear another con sustantivos en plural.
- Con sustantivos en plural se usa other.
- Others sólo se usa como pronombre.
Ejemplos: - Some people like reading but others don´t.
- Give me another ticket, please.
- I didn´t go with them, I went there with other people.
21. EVERY, EACH Y ANY:
- Every significa "todos y cada uno". Recuerda que el sustantivo va en singular.
Ejemplo: Every sentence must have a subject = All the sentences must have a subject.
- Each significa "cada". Ej: One student from each school will be chosen.
- Any significa "cualquier/a" en oraciones afirmativas: Ej: You can take any book you like.
22. FRASES COMPARATIVAS:
- Es frecuente la confusión de than de las frases comparativas con that.
- También es frecuente el error de poner la forma comparativa dos veces en una frase:
Ejem: Travelling by train is more cheaper (cheap).
- Para expresar aumento dradual: "cada vez más..." se utilizan dos comparativos unidos por and.
Ejem: The car was moving faster and faster.
- Para expresar proporcionalidad directa entre dos acciones: "cuanto más/menos... tanto más/menos", se utilizan dos comparativos
precedidos del artículo the: Ejemplos: -The more he earns, the less he spends.
- The sooner, the better.
23. ENOUGH, QUITE, RATHER:
- Enough: - si actúa como adjetivo predede al sustantivo: Ej: There wasn´t enough bread.
- si actúa como adverbio va detrás del adjetivo o adverbio al que modifica:
Ej: - The water was not wam enough
- The athletes didn´t run quickly enough.
- Quite: tiene dos significados:
- "bastante": modifica a adjetivos cuya cualidad pueda ser medida gradualmente. The film was quite interesting.
- "absolutamente": va con adjetivos que no admiten gradación en su cualidad. It´s quite impossible to go there.
- Rather: significa "bastante" en sentido peyorativo. That was rather expensive.
- rather than: "antes que". Ejemplo: I expected him to write rather than telephone.
- or rather: "mejor dicho". Ejemplo: Ann is a biologist, or rather, an ecologist.
24. ALREADY, STILL, YET, NO LONGER:
* Para expresar la idea de "ya", empleamos:
- Already, en frases afirmativas e interrogativas. Queremos dar a entender que la acción acaba antes de lo esperado.
Ejemplo: They have already finished.
- Yet, en frases interrogativas, para referirnos a algo que estamos esperando.
Ejemplo: Has my mother phoned yet?
- No longer, en frases negativas con el significado de "ya no". Ocupa una posición intermedia entre el sujeto y el verbo.
Ejemplo: They no longer live in Seville.
- Any longer / any more, en frases negativas con el significado de "ya no". Va al final de la frase.
Ejemplo: He is not working here any longer.
* Para expresar la idea de "todavía", empleamos:
- Still, en frases afirmativas e interrogativas. Aparece en posición intermedia en la frase.
Ejemplos: - Does Paul still live in Madrid?
- John hasn´t arrived yet, he is still in his office.
- Yet, en frases negativas, en posición final de frase.
Ejemplo: Your mother hasn´t phoned yet.
* A veces se usa still o yet en la misma frase para cambiar el significado ligeramente:
Ejemplos: - I dont understand it yet. D Todavía no lo entiendo
- I still don´t understand it. D Sigo sin entenderlo.
25. DIFERENCIAS ENTRE MAKE Y DO:
- Make: Significa "hacer", "fabricar" y suele usarse en expresiones como:
- make a telephone call - make friends - make the beds
- make a journey - make a choice - make a deal
- make a meal - make an offer - make a speech
- make an effort - make a visit - make a suggestion
- make a bad impression - make a mistake - make a trip
- make a good job - make a change - make money...
- Do: Significa "hacer" en sentido más abstracto, y suele usarse en expresiones como:
- do a lot of work - do the housework
- do my homework - do an exercise
- do your best - do a favour
- do some reading / writing .....
26. DIFERENCIAS ENTRE SAY Y TELL:
- Say: "decir", no requiere la persona a quien se dice algo.
* Frases hechas: - say thank you - let's say
- they say - say what you like
- say... ( = por ejemplo) - as you say
- that is to say - needless to say
- say no - what would you say to a glass of wine?
- Tell: "decir, contar, narrar", sí que requiere la mención de la persona a quien se dice algo.
Ejemplo: - Tell ME what you know, ...
- Tell a story, a joke, a tale...
* Frases hechas: - time will tell tell the truth
- you never can tell tell a lie, tell lies
- I told YOU so tell the time
27. PALABRAS INGLESAS PARA EXPRESAR "COMO" Y "CÓMO":
- interrogativo: - How did you come?
- How are you?
- What is your house like?
- What?
- conjunción: - As I had no money, I couldn't buy that motorbike.
- He behaved as if he didn't know us.
- Unless you go at once... = como no vayas enseguida...
- adverbio: - He sleeps like a log
- There are fish, such as herrings and salmon
- We can use the tin as an ashtray.
28. CÓMO EXPRESAR "TODO" Y "TODOS":
- Todos los días D Every day - Todas las semanas D Every week
- Todo el día D All day - Toda la semana D the whole week
29. FOR Y DURING:
- For significa "durante" y va con una frase en la que se expresa una CANTIDAD DE TIEMPO de modo explícito:
Ejemplo: - She has lived here for TEN years.
- During significa "durante" precediendo a una expresión temporal no cuantificable:
Ejemplo: We visited our friends in Paris during the war.
PHRASAL VERBS
1. Agree with: estar de acuerdo
- I'm afraid I can't agree with you in this matter.
2. Answer back: replicar.
- Don´t answer me back!
3 Back out: volverse atrás, romper un acuerdo.
- It´s too late to back out now; I´m afraid we shall have to go through with it.
4. Back up: apoyar, respaldar
- If I protest against the decision, will you back me up?
5. Be after: querer, pretender
- What are you after? Just tell me plainly.
6. Be along: venir, llegar
- The doctor will be along any minute now.
7. Be back: regresar, volver
- I´ll be back as soon as I can.
8. Be fed up: estar harto
- I'm fed up with this wet weather.
9. Be for: ser partidario de.
- Are you for or against the abolition of the death penalty?
10. Be in: estar en casa.
- I´d like to see Dr Bentley. Is he in?
11. Be over: terminarse, acabarse
- Well, it's all over now. You needn't worry about it any longer.
12. Be up to: depender de uno, incumbir a uno
- It's not up to me to decide on these matters.
13. Blow up: estallar (una bomba), hacer saltar, volar
- The bomb blew up killing five people.
14. Blow up: hinchar
- The child kept blowing up the balloon till it burst.
15. Blow up: echar una bronca a uno.
- The teacher blew me up for arriving late this morning.
16. Break down: estropearse, averiarse
- These machines will break down if they are left without maintenance
17. Break in: entrar rompiendo la puerta...
- The thieves broke in and stole the paintings.
18. Break up: separarse (una pareja).
- Peter and Lily broke up nearly a year ago.
19. Bring back: devolver.
- I´ll lend you my car provided you bring it back tomorrow.
20. Bring on: causar, ocasionar.
- Such cold and extremely damp weather often brings on influenza.
21. Bring up: educar.
- She brought up her children to be truthful.
22. Carry on: seguir, continuar
- Sorry if I interrupted you. Please, carry on.
23. Carry out: cumplir (una promesa), llevar a cabo
- They didn't carry out their promise to help us.
24. Clear up: aclarar
- I'd like to clear up this matter once and for all.
25. Do with: tener que ver con, tener relación con
- She's very interested in anything to do with Roman art.
26. Do without: pasarse sin, prescindir de
- Children can't do without the help of their parents
27. Find out: averiguar
- In the end I found out what was wrong with my radio.
28. Fix up: fijar, arreglar, organizar (una fecha...)
- The club has already fixed up several matches for next season.
29. Get along = Get on: llevarse bien con uno
- It's very easy to get along with the new boss. He's very nice.
30. Get away: escaparse, evadirse
- The cashier got away with all the money in the safe.
31. Get away with: quedarse sin castigo
- Some people can get away with murder.
32. Get off: apearse, bajar (de un autobus...)
- You get off at the next station.
33. Get on: subir (a un autobus...) / hacer progresos
- How is he getting on at school?
34. Get through: comunicarse por teléfono
- I coudn't get through (to him). The line was engaged all the time.
35. Get up: levantarse, ponerse en pie
- What time did you get up this morning?
36. Give away: regalar
- My aunt has given her old clothes away (to the poor).
37. Give back: devolver
- Having finished reading the book I gave it back to the library.
38. Give out: repartir
- The teacher gave out the exam papers to the students.
39. Give up: dejar de (fumar, beber...), ceder, rendirse
- I tried to give up smoking, but without success.
40. Go ahead: continuar, seguir (adelante)
- May I use your telephone? - Please go ahead.
- We have decided not to go ahead with the project, after all.
41. Go away: irse, salir de la ciudad
- Are you goig away for Christmas?
42. Go by: pasar, transcurrir
- As the months went by he got accostumed to the daily routine.
43. Go on: durar, continuar
- It looks as though this war will go on forever.
44. Go through: Sufrir, resistir
- No one knows what I went through while I was waiting for the verdict.
45. Go through: examinar, revisar, inspeccionar
- Let's go through the details of the plan once more.
46. Grow up: hacerse adulto, educar
- What are you going to do when you grow up?
47. Hang on: esperar
- Just hang on a second while I do up my dress.
48. Hold on: esperar
- If you hold on a moment, madam, I'll go and see if Mr Jones is free.
49. Keep off: no dejar acercarse
- "Keep off the grass" (sign displayed in public parks).
50. Keep on: seguir, insistir en
- Why do you have to keep on bothering me?
51. Keep out: No permitir entrar, pasar
- "Private. Keep out" (notice on the door).
52. Let down: fallar a uno
- I'll do everything I can to help you. I won't let you down.
53. Let in: dejar entrar, hacer pasar
- She opened the door and let the cat in.
54. Look after: cuidar de
- The nurse looks after the children when we go away.
55. Look for: buscar
- what do you look for in a woman?
56. Look forward to: estar deseando (con gerundio)
- We are looking forward to going back to Spain.
57. Look out: (imperative) ten cuidado, ojo
- Look out! You nearly ran over that child.
58. Make up: maquillarse
- It takes my wife ages to make up her face.
59. Make up: inventarse
- I'm not very good at making up excuses, I'm afraid.
60. Make up (con MIND): decidirse
- My mind is made up. I am not going on that trip.
61. Mix up: confundir
- He mixed up the addresses so that no one got the right letter.
62. Pick up: recoger algo
- She scatters newspapers all over the floor and I have to pick them up.
63. Pick up: recoger a alguien (con el coche)
- I'll pick you up at six.
64. Point out: indicar, mostrar
- The guide pointed out the most important buildings in the city.
65. Put away: poner algo en su sitio
- Don't leave your things about, put them away.
66. Put on: ponerse la ropa Take off: quitarse la ropa
- Take off that dirty shirt and put on a clean one.
67. Turn on: encender la luz Turn off: apagar (= put on /put off)
- She put on the radio to listen to the news.
68. Turn up: subir el volumen Turn down: bajar el volumen
- Don't forget to turn down the gas when the water boils.
69. Put up: alojar
- Can you put me up for the night?
70. Talk over: discutir, comentar con alguien.
- Talk it over with your wife and give me your answer tomorrow.
71. Think over: considerar, reflexionar sobre
- Please, think this matter over and let me know your answer soon.
72. Throw away: tirar, desechar
- We should throw away this table and buy a new one.
73. Try on: probarse una prenda de ropa.
- I like this dress, could I try it on?
74. Try out: comprobar
- We won´t know how the plan works till we have tried it out.
75. Turn into: convertir
- I am going to turn my garage into a playroom for the children.
76. Turn out: resultar ser
- He turned out to be a thoroughly dishonest person.
77. Turn over: volcar (vehículos), darse la vuelta (personas).
- The car struck the wall and turned over.
- When his alarm went off he just turned over and went to sleep again.
78. Turn up: llegar, asistir
- I waited for him for nearly one hour but he didn't turn up.
IDIOMS
1. To be about to: estar a punto de
-They are about to come.
2. All over the world: por todo el mundo
-You find such people all over the world.
3. Come what may: pase lo que pase
- I'll go this weekend come what may.
4. To do: ser suficiente, servir (future, conditional)
- That'll do, thank you.
5. I'll do my best: haré todo lo posible
6. Let's face it: reconozcámoslo
- Let's face it, we're ruined.
7. It isn't my fault: no es culpa mía
- It isn't my fault that the bus didn't come, so I was late.
8. To feel like (gerund): apetecer
- I feel like swimming
9. First things first: cada cosa a su tiempo
10. I haven't the foggiest idea: no tengo ni la más remota idea.
- I haven't the foggiest idea what this means.
11. To get in touch with: ponerse en contacto con
- Can you tell me how to get in touch with him?
12. To get rid of: librarse de
- Let's get rid of that dog.
13. For goodness' sake: Por lo que más quieras
- For goodness' sake, stop talking!
14. On the other hand: por otra parte
- On the other hand there are things that you should consider
15. To have a good time: pasárselo bien
- We had a very good time at the disco
16. To have to do with: tener que ver con
- It has nothing to do with me
17. By heart: de memoria
- He learnt his lesson by heart
18. To be in a hurry: tener prisa
- Are you in a hurry?
19. The last but one: el penúltimo
20. To leave alone: dejar en paz
- Leave me alone
21. To manage to: arreglárselas
- He managed to get there in time.
22. What's the matter?= What's up?= What's wrong?: ¿qué pasa?
23. Mind your own business: métete en tus asuntos
24. To be... missing: faltar
- There are three books missing from this shelf.
25. Nothing doing: no hay nada que hacer
26. On foot: a pie
27. Once and for all: de una vez por todas
- I'll tell you once and for all, stop bothering me
28. To put something down to: atribuir a
- I put it down to lack of information
29. To see somebody off: despedir al que se va de viaje
- He went to the station to see her off
30. To take it easy: Tomárselo con calma
- Take it easy my friend, there's nothing to worry about
31. To take one's time: tomarse el tiempo necesario
- Take your time there's no hurry.
32. Not to think much of: no tener muy buena opinión de
- They don't think much of him as a writer
33. In time: a tiempo
- Are you still in time?
34. On time: puntual
- He likes to be on time.
35. To be in the way: estar estorbando
- You are in the way.
36. In a way: en cierto modo
- That's also yours in a way.
37. To be well off: estar acomodado, tener mucho dinero
- They're quite well off Sinónimo= Wealthy, rich
38. In a word: En una palabra
- In a word, my answer is no.
39. If the wost comes to the worst: en el peor de los casos
- If the worst comes to the worst we'll always have your flat
40. You are driving me mad: me estás volviendo loco
41. How is it going?= How are things?:= How are you doing?(USA): ¿qué tal?
42. Let alone: Y no digamos, y mucho menos
- He can't ride a bike, let alone a motorbike.
43. Over and over again: Una y otra vez
- I've told you over and over again not to be late
44. To vanish into thin air: desaparecer
- He just vanished into thin air.
45. To change one's mind: cambiar de opinión
- I may have said that yesterday but I've changed my mind.
46. Day in and day out: todos los dias
- He went to school day in and day out but seemed to learn very little.
47. It doesn't make any difference: es igual
- It really doesn't make any difference to me wheter you go or not.
48. To come to the point: ir al grano
- I'll come to the point, when are you going to pay us?
49. I think so, I hope so, I suppose so... : Creo que sí...
50. To have a go at: Intentarlo, probar
- Have a go at it yourself.
51. Last but not least: por último pero no por eso menos importante.
52. It's a must: Es obligado, no te lo pierdas
- If you come to London, visit the National Gallery, it's a must.
53. Every now and then: de vez en cuando
- He comes to see us every now and then.
54. On second thoughts: pensándolo bien
- On second thoughts, I'd rather stay at home.
55. At random: al azar
- He chose ten men at random.
56. Two days (etc) running: dos dias (etc) seguidos
- This week I have to play basketball two days running
57. It's the last straw...(that breaks the camel's back): lo que faltaba, la gota que colma el vaso.
- He didn't come yesterday either. Really, it's the last straw.
58. Time is money: el tiempo es oro
59. The trouble is: lo malo es que
- The trouble is that I haven't got any either.
60. This way, please: por aquí, por favor
61. The other way round: Al revés, todo lo contrario
- So, you've got two and they haven't got any? - No, it's the other way round.
62. To come in handy: venir muy bien
- That money will come in handy one day.
63. To jump to conclusions: Sacar una conclusión precipitada
- Don't jump to conclusions, please.
64. To make up one's mind: decidirse
- Have you made up your mind yet?
65. Any minute now: en cualquier momento.
- They will arrive any minute now.
66. You asked for it: tú te lo has buscado.
67. As busy as a bee: muy ocupado.
68. Stop bossing me about: deja de darme órdenes.
69. By all means = of course: por supuesto.
- May I borrow your ladder? - By all means.
70. By myself = on my own: solo.
- She likes to be by herself.
71. To cap it all: para colmo.
- And to cap it all, I got a fine too.
72. Cheer up: anímate.
- Cheer up, everything will be all right.
73. Her dreams have come true: sus dueños se han cumplido.
74. That was a crying shame: eso fue una vergüenza.
75. One must know where to draw the line: uno debe saber dónde poner los límites.
76. What on earth are you talking about?: ¿de qué demonios estás hablando?
77. He fell for it: se lo creyó.
78. Things were going too far, so I had to put my foot down: tuve que plantarme.
79. You'll get into trouble: te meterás en líos.
80. They get on very well: se llevan muy bien.
81. Two heads are better than one: dos mejor que uno.
82. I´ll do ir right away: lo haré ahora mismo.
83. It's no laughing matter: no es cosa de risa.
84. Leave me alone: déjame en paz.
85. I'm looking forward to seeing her: Estoy deseando verla.
86. Make yourself at home: considérate en tu casa.
87. To make the most of something: sacarle máximo provecho a algo
- She knows how to make the most of her good looks: Sabe sacarle partido a su belleza.
88. As a matter of fact: en realidad.
89. She understood me at once: me entendió enseguida.
90. I'm sure they can put you up for the night: Seguro que os pueden hospedar esta noche.
IRREGULAR VERBS
be was/were been ser, estar
bear bore borne llevar, soportar
born (to be born: nacer)
beat beat beaten batir, golpear, latir
become became become llegar a ser, hacerse
begin began begun empezar
bend bent bent doblar
bet bet bet apostar
bite bit bit/bitten morder
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
breed bred bred criar, educar
bring brought brought traer
build built built edificar
burn burnt burnt arder, quemar
burst burst burst estallar
buy bought bought comprar
catch caught caught atrapar
choose chose chosen escoger
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
creep crept crept arrastrarse
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt tratar
dig dug dug cavar
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn dibujar, tirar
dream dreamt dreamt soñar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought luchar
find found found encontrar
flee fled fled huir
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
freeze froze frozen helar
get got got/gotten conseguir
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
grow grew grown crecer, cultivar
hang hung hung colgar
have had had tener
hear heard heard oir
hide hid hid/hidden esconder
hit hit hit golpear
hold held held sostener
hurt hurt hurt hacer daño, doler
keep kept kept guardar
kneel knelt knelt arrodillarse
know knew known saber, conocer
lay laid laid poner (la mesa...)
lead led led guiar
leap leapt leapt saltar
learn learnt learnt aprender
leave left left dejar, salir
lend lent lent prestar
let let let permitir
lie lay lain yacer, tenderse
light lit lit encender
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer
mean meant meant querer decir
meet met met encontrarse con
put put put poner
pay paid paid pagar
quit quit quit dejar, irse
read read read leer
ride rode ridden montar
ring rang rung tocar el timbre
rise rose risen levantarse, surgir
run ran run correr, dirigir
saw sawed sawn serrar
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar, registrar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set establecer
shake shook shaken sacudir, agitar
shine shone shone brillar
shoot shot shot disparar
show showed shown mostrar
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir
sit sat sat sentarse
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid deslizarse, resbalar
smell smelt smelt oler
speak spoke spoken hablar
speed sped sped acelerar
spell spelt spelt deletrear
spend spent spent gastar
spill spilt spilt derramar
spit spat spat escupir
split split split partir
spoil spoilt spoilt estropear, mimar
spread spread spread esparcir
spring sprang sprung brotar, saltar
stand stood stood estar de pie
steal stole stolen robar
stick stuck stuck pegar, adherirse
sting stung stung picar
stink stank stunk apestar
strike struck struck golpear
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung balancearse
take took taken coger, llevar
teach taught taught enseñar
tear tore torn rasgar
tell told told decir, contar
think thought thought pensar, creer
throw threw thrown tirar, arrojar
thrust thrust thrust meter, empujar
understand understood understood comprender
wake woke woken despertar
wear wore worn llevar puesto
weep wept wept sollozar
win won won ganar
write wrote written escribir
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