La voz pasiva
Formación: La forma pasiva del verbo se construye con verbo "to be" y el participio del verbo principal.
Para transformar un verbo de activa a pasiva conjugamos “to be” en el tiempo que se encuentre el verbo principal activo y le añadiremos el participio de dicho verbo.
Activa: My friends sent many cards. (el verbo activo está en pasado simple)
Pasiva: Many cards were sent by my friends (verbo pasivo: “to be” en pasado simple: were + participio del verbo principal: sent)
Por consiguiente, el infinitivo activo de un verbo es, por ejemplo: To sell, to buy, y el infinitivo pasivo de estos es "to be sold" o "to be bought".
El objetivo de la voz pasiva es el de dar más importancia al objeto de la acción que al sujeto. Si queremos dar importancia al ejecutor de la acción, al sujeto, utilizamos la voz activa.
Esquema:
Voz activa: SUJETO + VERBO ACTIVO + OBJETO + CIRCUNSTANCIA
Ejemplo: Somebody discovered America in 1492
En la voz pasiva el objeto pasa a ser sujeto de la pasiva:
Voz pasiva: SUJETO (OBJETO DE LA ACTIVA) + VERBO PASIVO + CIRCUNSTANCIA
Ejemplo: America was discovered in 1492.
En la voz pasiva no nos interesa tanto el sujeto de la acción. Cuando queremos mencionarlo en la pasiva usamos el agente con la preposición “BY”.
Activa: Robert wrote many books last year
Pasiva: Many books were written last
year by Robert
Omisión
del agente
El
sujeto de la voz activa pasa a ser complemento agente introducido por “by”. En muchos casos se omite el agente:
principalmente cuando no interesa pues no aporta información (“by somebody”, “by them” no se utilizan
pues no identifican a los agentes de la acción).
They throw away the rubbish every morning.
The rubbish is thrown away every morning.
They haven’t stamped the letter.
The letter hasn’t been stamped.
Muchas veces el agente no se pone
porque es evidente por el contexto de la oración.
The police have
caught the thieves.
The thieves
have been caught
PASSIVE VOICE TENSES
CHART| TENSES |
ACTIVE VOICE |
PASSIVE VOICE |
| SIMPLE PRESENT |
She plays the
piano |
The piano is
played |
| PRESENT CONTINUOUS |
She is
playing the piano |
The
piano is being played |
| SIMPLE PAST |
She played the
piano |
The piano was
played |
| PAST CONTINUOUS |
She was
playing the piano |
The
piano was being played |
| PRESENT PERFECT |
She has
played the piano |
The
piano has been played |
| PAST PERFECT |
She had
played the piano |
The
piano had been played |
| SIMPLE FUTURE |
She will
play the piano |
The
piano will be played |
| PERFECT FUTURE |
She will
have played the piano |
The
piano will have been played |
| FUTURE OF INTENTION |
She is
going to play the piano |
The
piano is going to be played |
| SIMPLE CONDITIONAL |
She would
play the piano |
The
piano would be played |
| PERFECT CONDITIONAL |
She would
have played the piano |
The
piano would have been played |
| MODAL AUXILIARIES |
She can
play the piano |
The
piano can be played |
| SEMI-MODALS |
She doesn't
have to play the piano |
The
piano doesn't have to be played |
| PRESENT INFINITIVE |
(to) play |
(to) be played |
| PERFECT INFINITIVE |
(to) have played |
(to) have been played |
| PRESENT PARTICIPLE |
playing |
being played |
| PERFECT PARTICIPLE |
having played |
having been played |
NOTE: The following tenses do not have a passive form: Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous.
Ejemplos
They
didn’t pay me for
the work, they expected me to do it for nothing.
I
wasn’t paid for the
work, I was expected to do it for nothing.
He
escaped when they were moving
him from one prison to another.
He
escaped when he was being
moved from one prison to another.
She
didn’t introduce me
to her mother.
I
wasn’t introduced
to her mother.
Oraciones interrogativas:
Ejemplo:
Who discovered America?
Who
was American discovered by?
Ejemplos con modales
Activa: Banks
should pay more taxes
Pasiva: More
taxes should be paid
by banks.
Activa: The
manager must sign
the cheque
Pasiva: The
cheque must be signed
by the manager.
Ejemplos con modales perfectos
Activa: Somebody must have helped her.
Pasiva: She must have been helped
Voz pasiva con dos objetos:
A
veces en la voz activa hay dos
objetos, uno directo y otro indirecto.
Ejemplo: They
gave us a present.
"Us" es el objeto indirecto, "a
present" es el objeto directo. ¿Cuál elegir como sujeto de la pasiva?
En principio ambos son válidos pero el objeto indirecto es más
utilizado.
1.-
A present was given to us (Importante: Si se utiliza el objeto
directo como sujeto de la pasiva, el indirecto debe ser introducido por la
preposicion”to”)
2.- We
were given a present (más corriente)
Pasiva impersonal. (Equivale a una pasiva
con “se” en español)
Cuando
el objeto de una oración activa es una acción introducida por un “that” (tendríamos una principal y una
subordinada introducida por “that”; una
oración compuesta con dos verbos) se pueden utilizar dos estructuras pasivas:
Pasiva 1
(Introducida siempre por “it” seguido
de verbo pasivo + la frase igual a
partir del “that):
Activa: People
say that she is a
good actress
Pasiva 2 (con infinitivo): She is said to be a good actress. (Se dice que ella es buena actriz)
Cuando el verbo de la oración
subordinada (la que empieza por el “that”) está en presente o futuro, este pasa a formar la pasiva transformándose
en un infinitivo simple.
Cuando el tiempo de la subordinada
es un tiempo pasado,
este se transforma a pasiva en un infinitivo perfecto ( to have+ participio).
Ejemplos:
Activa:
People say that she was
a good actress
Pasiva
2: She is said to have
been a good actress.
Si tras el “that”
hay un presente continuo, se utiliza un infinitivo
continuo (tobe + ING) en la pasiva
Ejemplos:
Activa:
They think that he is living in Paris.
Pasiva: He is thought to
be living in Paris. (Se cree que el está
viviendo en Paris).
EJERCICIOS
De activa a pasiva
1. You should
open the wine about three hours before you use it.
2. Somebody had
cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit.
3. We use this
room only on special occasions.
4. They feed the
seals at the zoo twice a day.
5. Who wrote it?
6. He expected
us to offer him a job.
7. They showed
her the easiest way to do it.
8. The author
has written a special edition for children.
9. The milkman
brings the milk to my door but the postman leaves the letters in the hall.
10. People steal
things from supermarkets every day: someone stole 20 bottles last week.
11. Someone left
his purse in a classroom yesterday, the cleaner found it.
12. Passengers
leave all sorts of things in buses.
13. The Court
tried the man, found him guilty and sent him to prison.
14. They invited
Jack but they didn’t invite Tom.
15. Has someone
posted my packet?
16. Why did no
one inform me about the change of plan?
17. Tom Smith
wrote the book and Brown Co. published it.
18. We bake the
bread here
19. We are baking
the bread
20. We have baked
the bread
21. We baked the
bread yesterday
22. We were
baking the bread
23. We had baked
the bread
24. We will bake
the bread
25. We are going
to bake the bread
26. We should
bake the bread soon
27. We ought to
bake the bread
28. Alexander
Graham Bell invented the telephone
29. The Queen
will open the new hospital
30. The wind blew
away the paper
31. Someone has
destroyed all the documents
32. Someone stole
all our money and passports
33. Somebody
built this house in 1895.
34. Has a dog
ever bitten you?
35. We can solve
this problem.
36. Somebody might
have stolen your car if you had left the keys in it.
37. An electrical
fault could have caused the fire.
38. They
shouldn’t have played the football match in such bad weather.
39. People in
Chile speak Spanish.
40. Has anybody
asked Peter?
41. Liverpool
beat Manchester 3 – 0 yesterday.
42. The Chinese
invented paper.
De pasiva a active
1. This ring was
made by my mother.
2. Nothing was
sent to me.
3. Papers were
bought to us to sign.
4. A clock was
given to Henry when he retired.
5. Stories were
read to the children.
6. A new job has
been offered to me.
7. Stamps are
not sold in bookshops
8. You will be
told where to go
9. Your application
is still being considered.
10.
She has been arrested for shoplifting
11.
We will be driven to the airport.
12.
We were stopped in our way home by
the police.
13.
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
14.
Our car is being repaired now.
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