Mar López Fernández Lourdes Bermejo Mora 2ºB Would you emigrate to another country to find employment? Nowadays a lot of people have to reconsider emigrating to another country because of the general economic situation. There is a high level of unemployment in so many countries. In our case, in Spain there are around 5 million people who are unemployed and it doesn’t look like the situation will improve any time soon. Due to these circumstances, many families are forced to work in something they don’t like, with a low salary, without a contract and awful conditions. Moreover, they are a lot of people who haven’t got a job and their houses have been confiscated. From our point of view, there are many advantages and disadvantages about going to another country to find a job. On the one hand, we can consider as a disadvantage going to a country you have never been to, even more if you don’t know anybody, leaving your family and friends behind. In addition, given that you don’t know what to expect, you can feel insecure. Also you will feel alone because you don’t have a close person. Besides, if you can’t speak the language well, it will be difficult for you to communicate with other people and find a job. Obviously, another disadvantage is you need to have enough money to pay the rent, to buy food, to use the public transport, for your free time… On the other hand, there can be a lot of advantages, for example you will meet a lot of people because you’ll have to mix with them, and who knows? You can even find the love of your life. What’s more, you’ll improve languages and you’ll learn to be more independent. Being in touch with other cultures, traditions can be a good experience, and you will learn new ways of life. Furthermore, you may love the city because is different to yours. Besides, there are countries where the standard of living is higher so the salary is higher too. Also if you work outside, you will improve your career and when you want to come to your country you’ll have more possibilities to find a better job. In my case, if I have to travel to another country to work, I will. Because I think it could be a great experience, I would be able to improve my English or French, also I would learn a new language and what’s more I love travelling, so I could live in so many countries to break the routine. Although, being far from my family and friends would be really difficult, I would learn to depend less on my parents. However, I think I’ll go back to my country because is where I grow and I think I would miss it.
In my opinion, I would be able to go to another country to find employment but it's true that it might be a bit difficult first because you don't know neither the place nor the people and in addition, you are so far from your family and friends. Even so, I think everything it's about getting used to this and above all, thinking positively, because actually you are going to improve your foreign language, make new friends, learn to be more confident, responsible and independent. So it isn't a bad idea after all! To finish, we encourage everybody to go abroad, you’ll improve your career and who knows? Maybe you will love the experience and you won’t want to come back to your country!
Daniel Jiménez and Ismael Wassit 2 Bach B ROMA In this presentation, we are going to talk about our favourite city: Roma. Roma is the capital of the Italian Peninsula, which is situated in northwestern Europe, specifically, in front of Terrene Sea. It’s a very long coast municipality. Geographically, the main mountains are the Alpes, which are in the north, and the Alpeninnes, which are situated in the middle of the country, crossing the city. In addition, this city has the famous and long river named Tiber. On the other hand, Rome is the most populated city of Italy and the fourth most populated European city. Its big historic centre was formed in the 753 year B.C. and has an extension of 1000km2 approximately. It is considerated so huge by its dimensions which overcomes cities as NY, Berlin or Madrid. The central core is composed by the historic seven Rome columns and the “Aventino” among others. Historically, Roma was founded, according to the tradition, by Romulo and Remo. There was a monarchical government for a period of 244 years. One of the main celebrations tradition is the carnival, which comes from the Old Age. Many important places from History are in this city. We can give examples like Vatican museums, Capitoline museum, Panteon, Victor Manuel second museum, Saint Peter church… This magic city is very rich in traditions, myths, art and legends, as we can see. In sports, Roma was the Olympic headquarters in 1960 and the headquarters of the soccer world cup in 1990. Finally, the weather is Mediterranean, which means that it has warm summers and raining seasons like spring and autumn. The transport is very fluid and the city has two international airports, a subway, buses and the navigation through the Tiber River.
PARIS Another city that we are interested in is Paris, the capital of France. Geographically, this has an area of 105,40 km2 and a population of 2240000 residents. Paris is situated in the North of France and is crossed by the Seine River. The city is regularly flat but there are some hills, being Montmatre the highest one with 130m. The centre of Paris is the most visited of the world, as it has many of the most popular monuments as Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame Cathedral, the Arc of Triumph. The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889 by Gustave Eiffel, is done in metal and it is 317 meters high. The Arc of Triumph was created by Napoleón Bonaparte and represents the foreground of the twelve great avenues. Notre-Dame was built en 1330, its style is gothic and It is located on the small island of Cite. It also one of most important monument in the world. On the other hand, Paris weather is Oceanic for being far from the coast. Due to this, raining is very frequent. The Paris’ transport system is very effective because it’s connected with the rest of Europe. Finally, about sport, the team Paris Saint-Germain, whose owner is Nasser Al-Khelaji, is the most famous. It was founded in 1960 and nowadays it’s recognized as one of the best for its players and economic values.
Part 1 of two: Biography of Stephen Hawking. Juana Mateos Gaspar 2ºC
Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. Stephen wanted to study Mathematics, although his father would have preferred medicine. Mathematics wasn't available at University College, so he pursued Physics instead. After three years and not very much work, he was awarded a first class with honours degree in Natural Science. Then, Stephen went to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, no one else was working in that area in Oxford at the time. After he got his doctorate, he became the first Research Fellow and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy, Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics for 30 years. Stephen is still an active part of Cambridge University. Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. With Roger Penrose, he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These results indicated that it was necessary to unite General Relativity with Quantum Theory. One consequence that he discovered was that black holes shouldn't be completely black Among the popular books Stephen Hawking has published are his best seller A Brief History of Time, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, The Universe in a Nutshell..Professor Hawking has twelve honorary doctorates. He was awarded the CBE in 1982. Stephen was diagnosed with ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) shortly after his 21st birthday. Even being in a wheelchair and dependent on a computerize voice system for communication, Stephen continues to combine family life (he has three children and three grandchildren), and his study into theoretical physics together with an extensive programme of travel and conferences. He still hopes to make it into space one day.
The way I imagine myself at 68 Hello, I´m Rodrigo and I'll talk about the way I imagine myself when I am 68 years old. I think I will live in a town. I will live in a multistory house, with a pool and a workshop to make things. Physically: I think I'll be still strong and I will manage fairly well without anyone taking care of me. I'd like to be thin but I wouldn´t mind wrinkles. I may ride a bike through town but also I could use the car. Psychologically: I think I will be totally healthy in this respect, although it is unpredictable. I hope I will not give too much work to my wife or my children, they will not to have to take care of me. I will love to hang out with my grandchildren Daily Life: I think my daily life will be active, otherwise I would get bored. In the early mornings I would go to play bowls with my friends. I will eat at noon with my wife and we will talk about our things. In the afternoon I would go to see the football team of my town, or go for a walk. And in the evening I will play Fifa 45 on the PlayStation 16 with my friends. And especially I will travel with IMSERSO Vocabulary: Multistory house: casa de varios pisos Wrinkles: arrugas Unpredicatable: impredecible Grandchildren:nietos Daily life:vida cotidiana Bowls: petanca
INTRO: We are going to show you interesting thing about languages, their importance, the most spoken ones,their difficulties to be learnt...First: L:We are going to talk about the most spoken languages in the world. You may think English is first in the list because a lot of people speak it and it's one of the most important languages. Here we have a list in which we can see how many people speak each language. On the one hand, if we have a look, we can see that the most spoken language is Chinese, with more than one billion speakers; this is followed by Spanish, English and Arabic. On the other hand, the fact that a language is most spoken doesn't mean that this language is more important than the others; it means there are a lot of people who speak it.
M:Apart from that, the use of the internet has changed the situation because there is an important diversity of users when talking about different countries. We can see that there are pages on the net in almost all the languages that exist, and that's because everybody can take part in this community formed by users from all around the world. Internet gives us the opportunity to talk to people from other countries. It doesn't matter how far away they are from us, Internet has made our lives easier!! Here we can see how the number of users of a certain country has changed along the years... It is clear that the more time that passes the more users that join the internet.
L:What are likely to be the top five languages in 2050? There are some studies on the subject of which languages would be the most spoken in the world; for that they have analyzed human development, demography and their relation with the economy. The results have been that Chinese will continue being the most spoken language, followed by Hindi‐Urdu, English, Spanish and Arabic. If we compare them, we can see that there are not huge differences when we note the similarities between present and future. What's likely to happen in the next hundred years?
M:Researcher suggest that 90% of the languages that are spoken nowadays will disappear and just a few of them will survive by the end of this century. These are Chinese, Spanish and English. How long does it take to learn a new language? It depends on the language we are talking about and how constant you are. What you shouldn't forget is that the fact that a language is difficult to learn can't discourage you from studying it.
In fact, learning languages is not as difficult as it seems but a big effort is required.I'm going to give you a piece of advice to overcome your difficulties at the time of learning a new language: 1.I believe that Learning a language isn't hard. It's just LONG, in fact, Everyone is naturally good at languages. 2. Intensity is vital to learning a language quickly. 3. Be kind to yourself If you discover yourself saying things like, "I'm not good at French" or "I'm stupid" just stop for a moment and remind yourself that you will get it if you really want it. 4.It's really important to listen to music or watching films in O.V., in that way you can choose what you like making the language easier and enjoyable. 5. Practise looking stupid At first,you cannot speak without feeling stupid at some point. You have to get over that. At some point,you will speak and not be understood and you will listen and not understand. A LOT. 6. Repetition, Repetition, Repetition Repetition is essential when learning a language. 7.If you can, the best way is ,of course , to practise speaking with a native person. (If you can, go to the country and spend time there)
Depending on the language, we need to dedicate more or less hours to get a good level on them (22/24 weeks) : Dutch, French, Italian , Norwegian and Spanish (44 weeks of study) : Albanian, Greek, Hebrew and Russian (they're more difficult than the first ones) (88 weeks) Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Korean
In our opinion, learning a new language is really important, because it stimulates the growth of your brain and it´s really enriching in order to communicate with other people. Moreover, nowadays in the world of work it´s essential to speak other languages, in fact, if you can speak more languages than another person, you will have more possibilities to get a job. So, it would be really good if you start learning a language instead of wasting your time. Finally, we have no excuse not to learn new languages Now it's time to make your life richer and more interesting.
The Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Romans in 218 BC . This invasion finished in 19 BC. The military works were the first type of infrastructure built by the Romans in Hispania, due to their confrontation on the peninsula with the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War.
In 416, the Visigoths, invaded the Iberian Peninsula. They created a Visigoth Kingdom with a capital in Tolosa ( It´s French nowadays ) and after in Toletum. The elective nature of the Visigothic monarchy determines a great political instability characterized by continuous rebellions.
In 711, the Arabs were called by an enemy faction of the Visigothic King Rodrigo and they invaded the Peninsula. Spain was transformen into a province of the Arab Empire, called “ Al-Andalus “ with its capital in the city of Cordoba. In 716, they controlled the entire Peninsula. In 722, Covadonga’s battle took place and it was the beginning of the reconquest.
The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella (1469), and the victory of the faction that supported them in the War of the Castilian Succession, determined the dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon. Granada was conquered in 1492 and, in the same year America was discovered by Cristobal Colon, which caused the beginning of the Empirial Era. Navarra was conquered in 1512.
After the discovery of America in 1492, Spain explored and colonized large territories in America, from the Southwestern United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean to Central America, most of South America and the West Coast of North America (now Alaska and British Columbia). All these territories were integrated into the Crown of Castile and later in the Crown of Spain. The maximum expansion fo the Empire was with the kings Philip II, Philip III and Philip IV.
The king Charles I of Spain and V of Germany fought protestastism. After him, his son Philip II unificated Spain with Portugal, but lost the German Empire. He also fought the Otoman Empire, and got a very important victory in the Battle of Lepanto, but lost the “ Invincible Navy “ (Spanish Armada).
The first Borbon King was Philip V, who won the War of Spanish Succession, ending in 1715 with the conquest of Majorca. He ended with the soberany of the Kingdom of Aragon.
Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808, and the Independence War ended in 1814. The war had a religious character, because the Church was against the occupation and they conviced people to fight against them.
1. The Second Republic was created on 14 April, 1931. It had three periods: 1. Progresist 2. Conservative 3. the “ Frente Popular”( Popular Front )government. Some important facts were the Asturian Rebellion ( 1934 ), the right to vote for women and the creation of some autonomies, like Catalonia, Basque Contry and Galicia. The big tension between the principal political forces and the street violence provoked the started of the Civil war, that started in 1936 and finished in 1939 with the victory of the nacionalist side.
After that, there was the Franco´s dictatorship, characterized by centralism, censorshipand the power of the Catholic Church and. Franco died in 1975.
The Constitution was created in 1978 with the consensus of the mainl political forces. In 1978 Adolfo Suarez won the elections. He was in charge of the “ political reform law “. In 1981 there was an attempted coup. In 1982 Felipe Gónzalez became president. He made a referendum on NATO and Spain joined the European Union. In 1996 Aznar won the elections. He abolished compulsory military service and Spain started using the Euro. On 11th March, 2004 a yihadist attack took place. In the same year Zapatero won the election who legalized homosexual marriage. The economical crisis started in 2008. In 2011 Rajoy won . Juan Carlos I abdicated in 2014.
(1)putsch : it's German, it is used in English to refer to German History. The normal word British use is French: “coup” d'etat, or just “coup”.
Cars use a variety of tecnologies that are very important now and can help in the future. For example, parking sensors that are very useful or the autonomic car that has travelled from Madrid to Vigo without the help of a human.
Most new car tecnologies come from Formula 1, because some car companies work there. One of these tecnologies is the gearbox, that millions of drivers use in their cars which is used to improve aceleration and the lap times of Formula 1 cars. Another tecnology is the disc brakes that began to be used in the first years of the competition. Their power and cooling capacity conviced the engineers to use them. Today, another technology is the KERS system. This is a system used normally in electric cars and hybrid cars that converts the cinetic energy of braking in electric energy.
Last year, a new competition began, Formule E. This is a competition for electric cars and it's a new form to get new electric technological advances. At the moment, there aren't car companies, there are only racing teams, but some companies want to participate in the following seasons and Renault manufuctures the motors for the first season of the competition. Now, the teams can enjoy better advances for the following years that usual cars will be allowed to use like it happened with Formula 1 in the 1950's with the dics brakes.
Other cars use an incredible tecnology. For example, the Lamborghini Egoiste. This car uses great tecnological advances, like the material of its bodywork which prevents its detection by radars. It has a rectractable seat dome, which gives access to the cabin. It ascends by means of a mechanical device. This car is based on the F22 Raptor design, which is an important militar plane, and the seat dome is based on the Apache helicopter.
Car tecnologies have improved our means of transport and this can change even more in the next years.
Some car companies have created some concept cars for the next years like Dolphin Concept (Mercedes-Benz), Hyundai N2025, Chevrolet FRN Concept, Peugeot Onyx or Audi A9 Concept Luxurious. These cars may exist in a nearby future but they aren't completely sure. Another example, Audi, has created Audi Calamaro, this concept car will be able to fly, but it is more difficult that this car becomes a reality than the other concept cars. Vocabulary -Parking sensor → Sensor de aparcamiento -Gearbox → Caja de cambios -Disc brakes → Frenos de disco -Bodywork → Carrocería -Retractable seat dome → Cúpula retractil -Mechanical device → Dispositivo mecánico -Concept car → Prototipo de coche
ISLAM EL FAYDA, GLORIA BRAVO MORATA, DAHIANA ROLON MORENO. 2 Bach B FASHION ICONS One of the 50's highlights was the famous Audrey Hepburn. She was an actress who was born in Belgium in 1929 and she died in Switzerland in 1993. However, her career started in USA. She was the protagonist in a lot of films like: Breakfast at Tiffany's, Charade or Roman Vacation. Who doesn't recognize this picture from the famous film Breakfast at Tiffany's? These pictures, and many more, are still very famous and we use them to make our books, school bags, even bedrooms look good! She is the best example of elegance and style associated with her frail physical appearance. We can clearly say that her style has become a role model for fashion. Coco Chanel revolutionized fashion and the world of haute coulture in this time. She was born in 1883 in France. Her informal and comfortable style freed the femenine body from corsets. She defended women's freedom and equality. Her hairstyle and perfume became very famous. Chanel became the prototype of garçonne ( a symbol of a modern, active and free women) She died in París in 1971. Márlene Dietrich (1901-1992) She was a German singer and actress. Her masculine style has become a big trend. She was the first women who wore a suit. Years later,Yves Saint Laurent took her to the runway. She loved to wear Dior clothes and in her last performances she became an icon for homosexual people. Brigitte Bardot (60's) She was born in París. At the age of only 14 she got her first cover page. Although she wanted to become a dancer, her mother took her to the fashion world, but she ended up being an actress. With the film "Dios creó a la mujer" she became one of the most requested actresses of her time.
Hello,I´m going to talk to you about motorbikes,in special about the difference between an old motorbike and an up-to-date motorbike. Some experts say that the first motorcycle was invented by Sylvester Howard Roper in 1868,when he made a motor with two cylinders that work with coal and then, he put on the frame of a bike . But other experts tell us that the first motorcycle was invented by Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler in 1885. They made a motorcycle with a frame and wood wheels, that worked with a motor of interior combustion, invented by Nikolaus August Otto.This motorcycle developed 0,5 horsepower and could reach 18 km/h.
The first championship was in 1949, that had four categories 125cc,250cc,350cc and 500cc. In this time the motorcycle started running and jumped on.The mechanics was very simple because it didn´t have an electronic system so it was less fast and more dangerous than now. The structure was very simple too, so inhalation ???was very little, and slipstream was very important in order to overtake other pilots, like now but there are other posibilities today. The championship has three categories nowadays moto3,moto2 and motoGP.
Motorbikes have a motor where we put the wheel. Now motorbikes have an electronic system to control acceleration and other things to make it more secure because now motorbikes are very fast. Now motorbikes are bigger, so in a straight line you can bow down until you and your motorbike are one. This way you can reduce the air resistance and if you don't use your brakes, your velocity will be the fastest possible.
The championship is very hard so the pilots need a very good physical condition so they are all year training and on a diet.The youngest attend a high performance center, in Spanish centro de alto rendimiento,where they study too. All pilots are important for me, but the most important are Freddie Frith, who won the first championship, Ángel Nieto that is the first Spanish pilot who won a championship, Mike Hailwood, Giacomo Agostini, Barry Sheene and other pilots that made the motorbikes important when nobody like them. I would like to finish with a sentence that Freddie Frith said :”When I can't get on a motorbike any more, I will close my eyes and let myself die”.
ISLAM EL FAYDA, GLORIA BRAVO MORATA, DAHIANA ROLON MORENO. 2 Bach B
We are going to talk about the different fashion trends through history . The type of clothes, hairstyles, makeup , and even skin colour.
Sometimes women took health risk to look like any other women in that time.
1910-1920 Women used to wear makeup. Pale skin wasn't in fashion anymore.
During the war women didn't wear makeup because people critizased the girls who spent money in these products , so the girls only used red lips. In 1910 there was a huge change influenced by the “Russian Dance “ , whose dancers travelled all around the world.
1920-1930 In order to look like a modern girl they had to have a masculine hair style, but boys didn't like it at all. The makeup look was really overloaded: black eyeshadow and intense red lipstick and all of this just to provoke attention. In these years two women called Helena Ruberstein and Elisabeth Ardem invented the waterproof mascara, so nowadays women have to thank them for that wonderful invention.
1930-1940 The woman's body shape had to look slim and feminine, tanned skin was in fashion and the most important thing in women was their inside beauty. They used to wear short hair and their favourite colour was blonde.
1940-1950 Women at that time had to look good, feminine and fancy, and at work they had to be competitive. The North American Elisabeth Arden invented a makeup box which was consumed by a lot of women workers that wanted to make sure they were looking good all the time specially when their husband returned from the war.
1950-1960
Corsets disappeared, and women couldn't go out without a bag or jewelry. In these ages they tried to look like perfect housewives.
1960-1970 Marie Quent wore a hairstyle that was in fashion in that time, she was known as”the queen of the mini skirt. Materials were used to show the childish side of women
1970-1980 There were a lot of different types of beauty ideals -Some people liked hippie clothes: their look was very natural. -Other liked rock fashion, which used bright colours . -Some women liked the afro look but neverthless, for the disco they wanted bright sparkly looks.
1980-1990 The yuppie style was very important, body shape had to be natural and healthy. The 80's fashion is the best remembered. Fishnets, leggins and fingerless gloves became fashionable with Madonna. And Michael Jakson made leather jackets and leather pants popular.
1990-2000 TThe 90's were very glamorous years, the models were big stars. The looks were relaxed and different.
2000-2010 The pants that didn't cover the stomach (1) and back were really fashionable. Oxford pants and very short skirts came back, also the worn out pants.
Nowaday there are a lot of styles, some of them are known by the use of black colour, as it happens with the emos, but others followed the rock American fashion , for esample the hipsters. Other styles are colled gothic, pin-up or vintage. Today fashion blogs are very popular , there are girls who became famous posting their outfits in their blogs. Also tattoos have become popular as, according to some people they make people look more fashionable .
Name: Lucía Martínez Díaz Class: 2º C Tittle: Are animals necessary in the laboratories? Stage 1: Animal experiments The first references to animal experiments are dated from II and IV century b.C. written by the Greeks. Aristoteles was one of the first ones. Nowadays animal experiments is very common. Many scientists along history made dissections, for example: Stage 2: Some of the events and discoveries are: Non-human primates are used in AIDS cure investigation, it’s been discovered that chimpanzee are immune to this disease. Insulin was isolated for the first time in 1922 by using dogs. In 1957 a Russian dog was the first animal to orbit the Earth. Stage 3: Animal experiments in figures Recent research suggest that more than 115 millions of vertebrates could be used every year to do experiments in the world. The ten countries that use more animals in their experiments are: United States, Japan, China, Australia, France, Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, Taiwan and Brazil. In Spain, the number has increased more than 51% from 2005, reaching 1,4 millions in 2010. In the European Union the number overcomes 12 millions. Stage 4: Victim species of experiments Among the animal species used for experiments we can find: cats, dogs, rats, mice, rabbits from India, rabbits, fishes, birds, primates and farm animals. Rats, mice and rabbits are mainly used because it is easy to deal with them, they breed quickly and it is cheap to feed them. Stage 5: Fields where they are used: Of the millions of sacrificed animals a year in the laboratory, only a small percentage are destined to medical applications. However, studies carried out by FDA have shown that 92% of the pharmaceutical potential products, that are supposed to be effective and safe in animal experiments, fail in clinical trials. This fact provokes the death to 58,000 people every year due to side-effects in countries like Germany. Stage 6: Groups. The experiments carried out in animals can be included in four kinds: - Product test of consumer goods - Military research - Education and training - Biomedical research Stage 7: Alternative methods to animal experiments The 3rd March 2013 animal experiments were prohibited in Europe, this fact helps to introduce alternative methods such as: Cell, tissue and organs culture Trials in volunteer humans Clinical research Software and mathematical models Epidemiological studies
Hello, I’m going to talk about schizophrenia. This is a mental disorder often characterized by abnormal social behavior and difficulty to recognize what is real. Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, , reduced of emotional expression, and lack of motivation. To explain this illness more clearly, I’d like to talk about Jani Schofield, a girl with the worst case of schizophrenia that has ever been seen. When Jani was a baby, she slept only three or four hours a day and her parents noticed something strange about her. She watched everything intently and she was very intelligent, so her parents thought that she was gifted. But when she was 3 years old, she started to talk about her imaginary friends (a dog, a cat, rats, numbers…) and she didn’t socialize with her classmates. Later she began to self-harm. One day Jani tried to jump out of the window. In 2007, her brother, Bodi, was born. She was very violent and their parents were afraid because she could hurt the baby. She was scared of herself too. At the age of 6, she was admitted to a hospital because she had been really violent in the school and finally she was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Jani was one of the youngest patients ever diagnosed with the condition. No one knows what causes schizophrenics to hallucinate. A combination of genetic and environmental factors plays a role in the development of schizophrenia. Although this disorder can be treated with medication and therapy, there is no cure. This is only one of all mental disorders in the world. Most children and adults with this kind of problems are marginalized in society, which prevents them from improving and feeling good. So we must treat them like anyone else.
Hello, I'm going to talk to you about dreams. First of all, I'll say some scientific information about sleeping.
Let's talk about stages of sleep. Since we fall asleep, we go through different phases.
Stage 1: Stage 1 is light sleep, where you drift in and out of sleep and you can be awakened easily. In this stage the eyes move slowly and most people sometimes have the sensation that they're falling and they contract their muscles.
Stage 2: Eyes' movement stops and brain waves become slower.
Stage 3: In stage 3, extremely slow brain waves called “Delta waves” are interspersed with smaller, faster waves.
Stage 4: In stage 4 the brain produces “Delta waves” almost exclusively
Stage 3 and Stage 4 are referred to deep sleep or “Delta sleep” and it's very difficult to wake someone from them. There's no eye movement or muscle activity. In deep sleep, some children experience bedwetting, sleepwalking or nightmares. After all, in 2008, the sleep profession in the US eliminated the use of stage 4 so stages 3 and 4 are now considered stage 3.
This is what happen in the first half of the night. REM is the second half, the stage 5. REM: In this period, breathing becomes faster and irregular, eyes move so quickly and muscles are temporarily paralyzed. Brain waves during this stage increase to levels experienced when a person is awake. The oxygen consumption by the brain is higher than when the sleeper is awake. Also, cardiac rhythm increases, blood pressure rises, males develop erections and the body loses some of the ability to regulate temperature. This is the time when most dreams occur, and, if awoken during REM sleep, a person can remember the dreams. Most people experience three to five intervals of REM sleep each night.
To finish, some curiosities are those: Infants spend almost 50% of their time in REM sleep. Adults spend nearly half of sleep time in stage 2, about 20% in REM and the other 30% is divided between the other three stages. Older adults spend progressively less time in REM sleep.
Mar López Fernández
ResponderEliminarLourdes Bermejo Mora
2ºB
Would you emigrate to another country to find employment?
Nowadays a lot of people have to reconsider emigrating to another country because of the general economic situation. There is a high level of unemployment in so many countries. In our case, in Spain there are around 5 million people who are unemployed and it doesn’t look like the situation will improve any time soon. Due to these circumstances, many families are forced to work in something they don’t like, with a low salary, without a contract and awful conditions. Moreover, they are a lot of people who haven’t got a job and their houses have been confiscated.
From our point of view, there are many advantages and disadvantages about going to another country to find a job.
On the one hand, we can consider as a disadvantage going to a country you have never been to, even more if you don’t know anybody, leaving your family and friends behind. In addition, given that you don’t know what to expect, you can feel insecure. Also you will feel alone because you don’t have a close person. Besides, if you can’t speak the language well, it will be difficult for you to communicate with other people and find a job. Obviously, another disadvantage is you need to have enough money to pay the rent, to buy food, to use the public transport, for your free time…
On the other hand, there can be a lot of advantages, for example you will meet a lot of people because you’ll have to mix with them, and who knows? You can even find the love of your life. What’s more, you’ll improve languages and you’ll learn to be more independent. Being in touch with other cultures, traditions can be a good experience, and you will learn new ways of life. Furthermore, you may love the city because is different to yours. Besides, there are countries where the standard of living is higher so the salary is higher too. Also if you work outside, you will improve your career and when you want to come to your country you’ll have more possibilities to find a better job.
In my case, if I have to travel to another country to work, I will. Because I think it could be a great experience, I would be able to improve my English or French, also I would learn a new language and what’s more I love travelling, so I could live in so many countries to break the routine. Although, being far from my family and friends would be really difficult, I would learn to depend less on my parents. However, I think I’ll go back to my country because is where I grow and I think I would miss it.
In my opinion, I would be able to go to another country to find employment but it's true that it might be a bit difficult first because you don't know neither the place nor the people and in addition, you are so far from your family and friends. Even so, I think everything it's about getting used to this and above all, thinking positively, because actually you are going to improve your foreign language, make new friends, learn to be more confident, responsible and independent. So it isn't a bad idea after all!
To finish, we encourage everybody to go abroad, you’ll improve your career and who knows? Maybe you will love the experience and you won’t want to come back to your country!
Daniel Jiménez and Ismael Wassit 2 Bach B
ResponderEliminarROMA
In this presentation, we are going to talk about our favourite city: Roma.
Roma is the capital of the Italian Peninsula, which is situated in northwestern Europe, specifically, in front of Terrene Sea. It’s a very long coast municipality. Geographically, the main mountains are the Alpes, which are in the north, and the Alpeninnes, which are situated in the middle of the country, crossing the city. In addition, this city has the famous and long river named Tiber.
On the other hand, Rome is the most populated city of Italy and the fourth most populated European city. Its big historic centre was formed in the 753 year B.C. and has an extension of 1000km2 approximately. It is considerated so huge by its dimensions which overcomes cities as NY, Berlin or Madrid. The central core is composed by the historic seven Rome columns and the “Aventino” among others.
Historically, Roma was founded, according to the tradition, by Romulo and Remo. There was a monarchical government for a period of 244 years. One of the main celebrations tradition is the carnival, which comes from the Old Age. Many important places from History are in this city. We can give examples like Vatican museums, Capitoline museum, Panteon, Victor Manuel second museum, Saint Peter church… This magic city is very rich in traditions, myths, art and legends, as we can see.
In sports, Roma was the Olympic headquarters in 1960 and the headquarters of the soccer world cup in 1990.
Finally, the weather is Mediterranean, which means that it has warm summers and raining seasons like spring and autumn. The transport is very fluid and the city has two international airports, a subway, buses and the navigation through the Tiber River.
PARIS
Another city that we are interested in is Paris, the capital of France. Geographically, this has an area of 105,40 km2 and a population of 2240000 residents. Paris is situated in the North of France and is crossed by the Seine River. The city is regularly flat but there are some hills, being Montmatre the highest one with 130m.
The centre of Paris is the most visited of the world, as it has many of the most popular monuments as Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame Cathedral, the Arc of Triumph.
The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889 by Gustave Eiffel, is done in metal and it is 317 meters high.
The Arc of Triumph was created by Napoleón Bonaparte and represents the foreground of the twelve great avenues.
Notre-Dame was built en 1330, its style is gothic and It is located on the small island of Cite. It also one of most important monument in the world.
On the other hand, Paris weather is Oceanic for being far from the coast. Due to this, raining is very frequent. The Paris’ transport system is very effective because it’s connected with the rest of Europe.
Finally, about sport, the team Paris Saint-Germain, whose owner is Nasser Al-Khelaji, is the most famous. It was founded in 1960 and nowadays it’s recognized as one of the best for its players and economic values.
Part 1 of two: Biography of Stephen Hawking. Juana Mateos Gaspar 2ºC
ResponderEliminarStephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of
Galileo) in Oxford, England. Stephen wanted to study Mathematics, although his
father would have preferred medicine. Mathematics wasn't available at University
College, so he pursued Physics instead. After three years and not very much work, he
was awarded a first class with honours degree in Natural Science.
Then, Stephen went to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, no one else was
working in that area in Oxford at the time. After he got his doctorate, he became the
first Research Fellow and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius
College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy, Stephen came to the Department of
Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and held the post of Lucasian
Professor of Mathematics for 30 years.
Stephen is still an active part of Cambridge University.
Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. With
Roger Penrose, he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space
and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These
results indicated that it was necessary to unite General Relativity with Quantum
Theory. One consequence that he discovered was that black holes shouldn't be
completely black
Among the popular books Stephen Hawking has published are his best seller A Brief
History of Time, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, The Universe in
a Nutshell..Professor Hawking has twelve honorary doctorates. He was awarded the
CBE in 1982.
Stephen was diagnosed with ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) shortly after his
21st birthday. Even being in a wheelchair and dependent on a computerize voice
system for communication, Stephen continues to combine family life (he has three
children and three grandchildren), and his study into theoretical physics together with
an extensive programme of travel and conferences. He still hopes to make it into
space one day.
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ResponderEliminarP.I. Rodrigo Gálvez Llamas 2ºBachiller C
ResponderEliminarThe way I imagine myself at 68
Hello, I´m Rodrigo and I'll talk about the way I imagine myself when I am 68 years old. I think I will live in a town. I will live in a multistory house, with a pool and a workshop to make things.
Physically:
I think I'll be still strong and I will manage fairly well without anyone taking care of me. I'd like to be thin but I wouldn´t mind wrinkles. I may ride a bike through town but also I could use the car.
Psychologically:
I think I will be totally healthy in this respect, although it is unpredictable. I hope I will not give too much work to my wife or my children, they will not to have to take care of me. I will love to hang out with my grandchildren
Daily Life:
I think my daily life will be active, otherwise I would get bored. In the early mornings I would go to play bowls with my friends. I will eat at noon with my wife and we will talk about our things. In the afternoon I would go to see the football team of my town, or go for a walk. And in the evening I will play Fifa 45 on the PlayStation 16 with my friends.
And especially I will travel with IMSERSO
Vocabulary:
Multistory house: casa de varios pisos
Wrinkles: arrugas
Unpredicatable: impredecible
Grandchildren:nietos
Daily life:vida cotidiana
Bowls: petanca
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ResponderEliminarLara and María (2º B) on learning languages I
ResponderEliminarINTRO: We are going to show you interesting thing about languages, their importance, the most spoken ones,their difficulties to be learnt...First:
L:We are going to talk about the most spoken languages in the world. You may think English is first in the list because a lot of people speak it and it's one of the most important languages. Here we have a list in which we can see how many people speak each language.
On the one hand, if we have a look, we can see that the most spoken language is Chinese, with more than one billion speakers; this is followed by Spanish, English and Arabic. On the other hand, the fact that a language is most spoken doesn't mean that this language is more important than the others; it means there are a lot of people who speak it.
M:Apart from that, the use of the internet has changed the situation because there is an important diversity of users when talking about different countries.
We can see that there are pages on the net in almost all the languages that exist, and that's because everybody can take part in this community formed by users from all around the world.
Internet gives us the opportunity to talk to people from other countries. It doesn't matter how far away they are from us, Internet has made our lives easier!!
Here we can see how the number of users of a certain country has changed along the years...
It is clear that the more time that passes the more users that join the internet.
L:What are likely to be the top five languages in 2050?
There are some studies on the subject of which languages would be the most spoken in the world; for that they have analyzed human development, demography and their relation with the economy.
The results have been that Chinese will continue being the most spoken language, followed by Hindi‐Urdu, English, Spanish and Arabic.
If we compare them, we can see that there are not huge differences when we note the similarities between present and future.
What's likely to happen in the next hundred years?
M:Researcher suggest that 90% of the languages that are spoken nowadays will disappear and just a few of them will survive by the end of this century.
These are Chinese, Spanish and English.
How long does it take to learn a new language?
It depends on the language we are talking about and how constant you are.
What you shouldn't forget is that the fact that a language is difficult to learn can't discourage you from studying it.
Lara and María (2º B) on learning languages I I
ResponderEliminarIn fact, learning languages is not as difficult as it seems but a big effort is required.I'm going to give you a piece of advice to overcome your difficulties at the time of learning a new language:
1.I believe that Learning a language isn't hard. It's just LONG, in fact, Everyone is naturally good at languages.
2. Intensity is vital to learning a language quickly.
3. Be kind to yourself
If you discover yourself saying things like, "I'm not good at French" or "I'm stupid" just stop for a moment and remind yourself that you will get it if you really want it.
4.It's really important to listen to music or watching films in O.V., in that way you can choose what you like making the language easier and enjoyable.
5. Practise looking stupid
At first,you cannot speak without feeling stupid at some point. You have to get over that. At some point,you will speak and not be understood and you will listen and not understand. A LOT.
6. Repetition, Repetition, Repetition
Repetition is essential when learning a language.
7.If you can, the best way is ,of course , to practise speaking with a native person. (If you can, go to the country and spend time there)
Depending on the language, we need to dedicate more or less hours to get a good level on them
(22/24 weeks) : Dutch, French, Italian , Norwegian and Spanish
(44 weeks of study) : Albanian, Greek, Hebrew and Russian (they're more difficult than the first ones)
(88 weeks) Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Korean
In our opinion, learning a new language is really important, because it stimulates the growth of your brain and it´s really enriching in order to communicate with other people. Moreover, nowadays in the world of work it´s essential to speak other languages, in fact, if you can speak more languages than another person, you will have more possibilities to get a job. So, it would be really good if you start learning a language instead of wasting your time.
Finally, we have no excuse not to learn new languages
Now it's time to make your life richer and more interesting.
Sergio Lagos Ordóñez 2º Bach C
ResponderEliminarTHE HISTORY OF SPAIN
The Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Romans in 218 BC . This invasion finished in 19 BC. The military works were the first type of infrastructure built by the Romans in Hispania, due to their confrontation on the peninsula with the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War.
In 416, the Visigoths, invaded the Iberian Peninsula. They created a Visigoth Kingdom with a capital in Tolosa ( It´s French nowadays ) and after in Toletum. The elective nature of the Visigothic monarchy determines a great political instability characterized by continuous rebellions.
In 711, the Arabs were called by an enemy faction of the Visigothic King Rodrigo and they invaded the Peninsula. Spain was transformen into a province of the Arab Empire, called “ Al-Andalus “ with its capital in the city of Cordoba. In 716, they controlled the entire Peninsula. In 722, Covadonga’s battle took place and it was the beginning of the reconquest.
The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella (1469), and the victory of the faction that supported them in the War of the Castilian Succession, determined the dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon. Granada was conquered in 1492 and, in the same year America was discovered by Cristobal Colon, which caused the beginning of the Empirial Era. Navarra was conquered in 1512.
After the discovery of America in 1492, Spain explored and colonized large territories in America, from the Southwestern United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean to Central America, most of South America and the West Coast of North America (now Alaska and British Columbia). All these territories were integrated into the Crown of Castile and later in the Crown of Spain. The maximum expansion fo the Empire was with the kings Philip II, Philip III and Philip IV.
The king Charles I of Spain and V of Germany fought protestastism. After him, his son Philip II unificated Spain with Portugal, but lost the German Empire. He also fought the Otoman Empire, and got a very important victory in the Battle of Lepanto, but lost the “ Invincible Navy “ (Spanish Armada).
The first Borbon King was Philip V, who won the War of Spanish Succession, ending in 1715 with the conquest of Majorca. He ended with the soberany of the Kingdom of Aragon.
Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808, and the Independence War ended in 1814. The war had a religious character, because the Church was against the occupation and they conviced people to fight against them.
1. The Second Republic was created on 14 April, 1931. It had three periods:
1. Progresist
2. Conservative
3. the “ Frente Popular”( Popular Front )government.
Some important facts were the Asturian Rebellion ( 1934 ), the right to vote for women and the creation of some autonomies, like Catalonia, Basque Contry and Galicia. The big tension between the principal political forces and the street violence provoked the started of the Civil war, that started in 1936 and finished in 1939 with the victory of the nacionalist side.
After that, there was the Franco´s dictatorship, characterized by centralism, censorshipand the power of the Catholic Church and. Franco died in 1975.
The Constitution was created in 1978 with the consensus of the mainl political forces. In 1978 Adolfo Suarez won the elections. He was in charge of the “ political reform law “. In 1981 there was an attempted coup. In 1982 Felipe Gónzalez became president. He made a referendum on NATO and Spain joined the European Union. In 1996 Aznar won the elections. He abolished compulsory military service and Spain started using the Euro. On 11th March, 2004 a yihadist attack took place. In the same year Zapatero won the election who legalized homosexual marriage. The economical crisis started in 2008. In 2011 Rajoy won . Juan Carlos I abdicated in 2014.
(1)putsch : it's German, it is used in English to refer to German History. The normal word British use is French: “coup” d'etat, or just “coup”.
Jose Antonio Martin Silva 2ºBach C
ResponderEliminarCAR TECNOLOGIES
Cars use a variety of tecnologies that are very important now and can help in the future. For example, parking sensors that are very useful or the autonomic car that has travelled from Madrid to Vigo without the help of a human.
Most new car tecnologies come from Formula 1, because some car companies work there. One of these tecnologies is the gearbox, that millions of drivers use in their cars which is used to improve aceleration and the lap times of Formula 1 cars. Another tecnology is the disc brakes that began to be used in the first years of the competition. Their power and cooling capacity conviced the engineers to use them. Today, another technology is the KERS system. This is a system used normally in electric cars and hybrid cars that converts the cinetic energy of braking in electric energy.
Last year, a new competition began, Formule E. This is a competition for electric cars and it's a new form to get new electric technological advances. At the moment, there aren't car companies, there are only racing teams, but some companies want to participate in the following seasons and Renault manufuctures the motors for the first season of the competition. Now, the teams can enjoy better advances for the following years that usual cars will be allowed to use like it happened with Formula 1 in the 1950's with the dics brakes.
Other cars use an incredible tecnology. For example, the Lamborghini Egoiste. This car uses great tecnological advances, like the material of its bodywork which prevents its detection by radars. It has a rectractable seat dome, which gives access to the cabin. It ascends by means of a mechanical device. This car is based on the F22 Raptor design, which is an important militar plane, and the seat dome is based on the Apache helicopter.
Car tecnologies have improved our means of transport and this can change even more in the next years.
Some car companies have created some concept cars for the next years like Dolphin Concept (Mercedes-Benz), Hyundai N2025, Chevrolet FRN Concept, Peugeot Onyx or Audi A9 Concept Luxurious. These cars may exist in a nearby future but they aren't completely sure. Another example, Audi, has created Audi Calamaro, this concept car will be able to fly, but it is more difficult that this car becomes a reality than the other concept cars.
Vocabulary
-Parking sensor → Sensor de aparcamiento
-Gearbox → Caja de cambios
-Disc brakes → Frenos de disco
-Bodywork → Carrocería
-Retractable seat dome → Cúpula retractil
-Mechanical device → Dispositivo mecánico
-Concept car → Prototipo de coche
ResponderEliminarISLAM EL FAYDA, GLORIA BRAVO MORATA, DAHIANA ROLON MORENO. 2 Bach B
FASHION ICONS
One of the 50's highlights was the famous Audrey Hepburn. She was an actress who was born in Belgium in 1929 and she died in Switzerland in 1993. However, her career started in USA. She was the protagonist in a lot of films like: Breakfast at Tiffany's, Charade or Roman Vacation.
Who doesn't recognize this picture from the famous film Breakfast at Tiffany's?
These pictures, and many more, are still very famous and we use them to make our books, school bags, even bedrooms look good!
She is the best example of elegance and style associated with her frail physical appearance. We can clearly say that her style has become a role model for fashion.
Coco Chanel revolutionized fashion and the world of haute coulture in this time. She was born in 1883 in France.
Her informal and comfortable style freed the femenine body from corsets. She defended women's freedom and equality.
Her hairstyle and perfume became very famous.
Chanel became the prototype of garçonne ( a symbol of a modern, active and free women)
She died in París in 1971.
Márlene Dietrich (1901-1992)
She was a German singer and actress.
Her masculine style has become a big trend.
She was the first women who wore a suit.
Years later,Yves Saint Laurent took her to the runway.
She loved to wear Dior clothes and in her last performances she became an icon for homosexual people.
Brigitte Bardot (60's)
She was born in París. At the age of only 14 she got her first cover page. Although she wanted to become a dancer, her mother took her to the fashion world, but she ended up being an actress.
With the film "Dios creó a la mujer" she became one of the most requested actresses of her time.
Ainhoa Suárez González.2ºBach.C
ResponderEliminarMOTORBIKES
Hello,I´m going to talk to you about motorbikes,in special about the difference
between an old motorbike and an up-to-date motorbike. Some experts say that the first motorcycle was invented by Sylvester Howard Roper in 1868,when he made a motor with two cylinders that work with coal and then, he put on the frame of a bike . But other experts tell us that the first motorcycle was invented by Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler in 1885. They made a motorcycle with a frame and wood wheels, that worked with a motor of interior combustion, invented by Nikolaus August Otto.This motorcycle developed 0,5 horsepower and could reach 18 km/h.
The first championship was in 1949, that had four categories 125cc,250cc,350cc and 500cc. In this time the motorcycle started running and jumped on.The mechanics was very simple because it didn´t have an electronic system so it was less fast and more dangerous than now. The structure was very simple too, so inhalation ???was very little, and slipstream was very important in order to overtake other pilots, like now but there are other posibilities today. The championship has three categories nowadays moto3,moto2 and motoGP.
Motorbikes have a motor where we put the wheel. Now motorbikes have an
electronic system to control acceleration and other things to make it more secure because now motorbikes are very fast. Now motorbikes are bigger, so in a straight line you can bow down until you and your motorbike are one. This way you can reduce the air resistance and if you don't use your brakes, your velocity will be the fastest possible.
The championship is very hard so the pilots need a very good physical condition so they are all year training and on a diet.The youngest attend a high performance center, in Spanish centro de alto rendimiento,where they study too. All pilots are important for me, but the most important are Freddie Frith, who won the first championship, Ángel Nieto that is the first Spanish pilot who won a championship, Mike Hailwood, Giacomo Agostini, Barry Sheene and other pilots that made the motorbikes important when nobody like them. I would like to finish with a sentence that Freddie Frith said :”When I can't get on a motorbike any more, I will close my eyes and let myself die”.
ResponderEliminarISLAM EL FAYDA, GLORIA BRAVO MORATA, DAHIANA ROLON MORENO. 2 Bach B
We are going to talk about the different fashion trends through history . The type of clothes, hairstyles, makeup , and even skin colour.
Sometimes women took health risk to look like any other women in that time.
1910-1920
Women used to wear makeup. Pale skin wasn't in fashion anymore.
During the war women didn't wear makeup because people critizased the girls who spent money in these products , so the girls only used red lips. In 1910 there was a huge change influenced by the “Russian Dance “ , whose dancers travelled all around the world.
1920-1930
In order to look like a modern girl they had to have a masculine hair style, but boys didn't like it at all. The makeup look was really overloaded: black eyeshadow and intense red lipstick and all of this just to provoke attention.
In these years two women called Helena Ruberstein and Elisabeth Ardem invented the waterproof mascara, so nowadays women have to thank them for that wonderful invention.
1930-1940
The woman's body shape had to look slim and feminine, tanned skin was in fashion and the most important thing in women was their inside beauty. They used to wear short hair and their favourite colour was blonde.
1940-1950
Women at that time had to look good, feminine and fancy, and at work they had to be competitive.
The North American Elisabeth Arden invented a makeup box which was consumed by a lot of women workers that wanted to make sure they were looking good all the time specially when their husband returned from the war.
1950-1960
Corsets disappeared, and women couldn't go out without a bag or jewelry.
In these ages they tried to look like perfect housewives.
1960-1970
Marie Quent wore a hairstyle that was in fashion in that time, she was known as”the queen of the mini skirt. Materials were used to show the childish side of women
1970-1980
There were a lot of different types of beauty ideals
-Some people liked hippie clothes: their look was very natural.
-Other liked rock fashion, which used bright colours .
-Some women liked the afro look but neverthless, for the disco they wanted bright sparkly looks.
1980-1990
The yuppie style was very important, body shape had to be natural and healthy.
The 80's fashion is the best remembered.
Fishnets, leggins and fingerless gloves became fashionable with Madonna.
And Michael Jakson made leather jackets and leather pants popular.
1990-2000
TThe 90's were very glamorous years, the models were big stars.
The looks were relaxed and different.
2000-2010
The pants that didn't cover the stomach (1) and back were really fashionable.
Oxford pants and very short skirts came back, also the worn out pants.
Nowaday there are a lot of styles, some of them are known by the use of black colour, as it happens with the emos, but others followed the rock American fashion , for esample the hipsters. Other styles are colled gothic, pin-up or vintage.
Today fashion blogs are very popular , there are girls who became famous posting their outfits in their blogs. Also tattoos have become popular as, according to some people they make people look more fashionable .
Name: Lucía Martínez Díaz Class: 2º C
ResponderEliminarTittle: Are animals necessary in the laboratories?
Stage 1: Animal experiments
The first references to animal experiments are dated from II and IV century b.C. written by the Greeks. Aristoteles was one of the first ones. Nowadays animal experiments is very common.
Many scientists along history made dissections, for example:
Stage 2: Some of the events and discoveries are:
Non-human primates are used in AIDS cure investigation, it’s been discovered that chimpanzee are immune to this disease.
Insulin was isolated for the first time in 1922 by using dogs.
In 1957 a Russian dog was the first animal to orbit the Earth.
Stage 3: Animal experiments in figures
Recent research suggest that more than 115 millions of vertebrates could be used every year to do experiments in the world. The ten countries that use more animals in their experiments are: United States, Japan, China, Australia, France, Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, Taiwan and Brazil. In Spain, the number has increased more than 51% from 2005, reaching 1,4 millions in 2010. In the European Union the number overcomes 12 millions.
Stage 4: Victim species of experiments
Among the animal species used for experiments we can find: cats, dogs, rats, mice, rabbits from India, rabbits, fishes, birds, primates and farm animals. Rats, mice and rabbits are mainly used because it is easy to deal with them, they breed quickly and it is cheap to feed them.
Stage 5: Fields where they are used:
Of the millions of sacrificed animals a year in the laboratory, only a small percentage are destined to medical applications. However, studies carried out by FDA have shown that 92% of the pharmaceutical potential products, that are supposed to be effective and safe in animal experiments, fail in clinical trials. This fact provokes the death to 58,000 people every year due to side-effects in countries like Germany.
Stage 6: Groups.
The experiments carried out in animals can be included in four kinds:
- Product test of consumer goods
- Military research
- Education and training
- Biomedical research
Stage 7: Alternative methods to animal experiments
The 3rd March 2013 animal experiments were prohibited in Europe, this fact helps to introduce alternative methods such as:
Cell, tissue and organs culture
Trials in volunteer humans
Clinical research
Software and mathematical models
Epidemiological studies
ResponderEliminarInma García 2 Bach C
Hello, I’m going to talk about schizophrenia.
This is a mental disorder often characterized by abnormal social behavior and difficulty to recognize what is real.
Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, , reduced of emotional expression, and lack of motivation.
To explain this illness more clearly, I’d like to talk about Jani Schofield, a girl with the worst case of schizophrenia that has ever been seen.
When Jani was a baby, she slept only three or four hours a day and her parents noticed something strange about her. She watched everything intently and she was very intelligent, so her parents thought that she was gifted.
But when she was 3 years old, she started to talk about her imaginary friends (a dog, a cat, rats, numbers…) and she didn’t socialize with her classmates.
Later she began to self-harm. One day Jani tried to jump out of the window.
In 2007, her brother, Bodi, was born. She was very violent and their parents were afraid because she could hurt the baby. She was scared of herself too.
At the age of 6, she was admitted to a hospital because she had been really violent in the school and finally she was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Jani was one of the youngest patients ever diagnosed with the condition.
No one knows what causes schizophrenics to hallucinate. A combination of genetic and environmental factors plays a role in the development of schizophrenia. Although this disorder can be treated with medication and therapy, there is no cure.
This is only one of all mental disorders in the world. Most children and adults with this kind of problems are marginalized in society, which prevents them from improving and feeling good. So we must treat them like anyone else.
SILVIA MARTÍNEZ 2 BACH C
ResponderEliminarHello, I'm going to talk to you about dreams. First of all, I'll say some scientific information about sleeping.
Let's talk about stages of sleep. Since we fall asleep, we go through different phases.
Stage 1: Stage 1 is light sleep, where you drift in and out of sleep and you can be awakened easily. In this stage the eyes move slowly and most people sometimes have the sensation that they're falling and they contract their muscles.
Stage 2: Eyes' movement stops and brain waves become slower.
Stage 3: In stage 3, extremely slow brain waves called “Delta waves” are interspersed with smaller, faster waves.
Stage 4: In stage 4 the brain produces “Delta waves” almost exclusively
Stage 3 and Stage 4 are referred to deep sleep or “Delta sleep” and it's very difficult to wake someone from them. There's no eye movement or muscle activity. In deep sleep, some children experience bedwetting, sleepwalking or nightmares.
After all, in 2008, the sleep profession in the US eliminated the use of stage 4 so stages 3 and 4 are now considered stage 3.
This is what happen in the first half of the night. REM is the second half, the stage 5.
REM: In this period, breathing becomes faster and irregular, eyes move so quickly and muscles are temporarily paralyzed. Brain waves during this stage increase to levels experienced when a person is awake. The oxygen consumption by the brain is higher than when the sleeper is awake. Also, cardiac rhythm increases, blood pressure rises, males develop erections and the body loses some of the ability to regulate temperature. This is the time when most dreams occur, and, if awoken during REM sleep, a person can remember the dreams. Most people experience three to five intervals of REM sleep each night.
To finish, some curiosities are those:
Infants spend almost 50% of their time in REM sleep.
Adults spend nearly half of sleep time in stage 2, about 20% in REM and the other 30% is divided between the other three stages.
Older adults spend progressively less time in REM sleep.